The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cognitive Map-Design Research in the Twentieth Century: Theoretical and Empirical Approaches
Abstract
Cognitive map-design research has the goal of understanding human cognition in order to improve the design and use of maps. As a systematic sub-discipline of cartography, cognitive map-design research is a phenomenon of the twentieth century, specifically the latter half. Robinson's The Look of Maps, published in 1952, played a seminal role in the genesis of cognitive map-design research in several countries, but it had interesting precursors. Empirical work that followed from The Look of Maps included psychophysical studies of graduated circles and studies of eye movements during map reading. Theoretical work that followed included a variety of cognitive theories but especially the development of the communication model as a comprehensive framework foi˙ scientific cartography. I chart the changing fortunes of cognitive map-design research after The Look of Maps and offer explanations for these changes. I also consider the legacy of cognitive map-design research—ways in which it has or has not mattered. I conclude with a list of questions suggested, but not decisively answered, by this exploratory essay.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The visual display of quantitative information
(1985) · General Pharmacology: The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(85)90230-7 · Cited by 5,070
Stevens, S. S. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046162 · Cited by 3,361
IARBUS, A. L. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,319
Yarbus, A. L. (1967) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5379-7 · Cited by 3,304
Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye.
Myers, G. E., & Arnheim, R. (1956) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.2307/2104731 · Cited by 1,249
How Maps WorkRepresentation, Visualization, and Design
MacEachren, A. M. (1995) · Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) · Cited by 1,095
The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-1902 · Cited by 927
Art and Visual Perception, a Psychology of the Creative Eye
McCurdy, H. G., & Arnheim, R. (1955) · The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/426441 · Cited by 679
Distortions in memory for maps
Tversky, B. (1981) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(81)90016-5 · Cited by 639
Environmental psychology : man and his physical setting
Proshansky, H. M., Ittelson, W. H., & Rivlin, L. G. (1970) · Holt, Rinehart and Winston eBooks · Cited by 544
Cited by
Geospatial big data handling theory and methods: A review and research challenges
Li, S., Dragicevic, S., Castro, F. A., Sester, M., Winter, S., Coltekin, A., Pettit, C., Jiang, B., Haworth, J., Stein, A., et al. (2016) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.012 · Cited by 749
Augmented reality in urban places: contested content and the duplicity of code
Graham, M., Zook, M., & Boulton, A. (2013) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00539.x · Cited by 355
A computational approach to ‘The Image of the City’
Filomena, G., Verstegen, J. A., & Manley, E. (2019) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.006 · Cited by 151
Individual differences in the representations of novel environments
Blajenkova, O., Motes, M. A., & Kozhevnikov, M. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.12.003 · Cited by 64
Metadata
- Authors
- Montello, D. R.
- Venue
- Cartography and Geographic Information Science
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 283-304
- ISSN
- 1523-0406 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-0465
- OpenAlex
- W2146567429
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 29
- FWCI
- 55.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Cognitive Map-Design Research in the Twentieth Century: Theoretical and Empirical Approaches. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1559/152304002782008503
- The paper
- Montello, D. R. (2002). Cognitive Map-Design Research in the Twentieth Century: Theoretical and Empirical Approaches. Cartography and Geographic Information Science. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304002782008503
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.