Synchronous versus asynchronous e-learning in teaching word processing: An experimental approach

“Garrison and Kanuka (2004) define e-learning as web-enabled teaching and learning.”

“One of the primary goals of constructivist theories of teaching is that students learn through receiving training to take initiative when it comes to their own learning experiences, instead of relying on someone else’s information (Bruner, 1996).”

“Ruiz, Mintzer and Leipzig (2006) reported earlier that e-learning technologies bring about change in education by making learning individualised, improving learners’ interaction with others and transmuting the role of the teacher.”

“Moreover, these concerted efforts for e-learning success is needed more in developing countries where various factors militate e-learning initiatives (Bhuasiri, Xaymoungkhoun, Zo, Rho & Ciganek, 2012).”

“Furthermore, the study by Welsh, Wanberg, Brown and Simmering (2003) shows that self-paced learning is best done asynchronously.”

“Garrison (2011) opines that the significance of e-learning lies in its ability to support communication and thinking, with the mission to create meaning and confirm knowledge.”

“E-learning has been proven to enhance learning (Hrastinski, 2008; Ssekakubo et al., 2011; Tang, 2002; Udofia & Udo-fia, 2013), however, this paper presents the comparative effects of the two e-learning methodologies (synchronous and asynchronous) on students’ academic achievement in learning word…”

“Asynchronous learning is self-paced and allows participants to engage in the exchange of ideas or information without depending on other participants’ simultaneous involvement (Boumans, 2004; Safavi, 2008).”

“Some subject matter is designed and displayed on LMS on Moodle, or email systems, blogs, online discussions, Wikipedia, videos, articles, and other platforms (Ko & Rossen, 2017; Ogbonna et al., 2019; Papachristos et al., 2010; Sturm & Quaynor, 2020; Tarman, 2020).”

“Although it might seem that asynchronous tools are less communicative than the synchronous tools, some studies claim that asynchronous tools can improve learners’ cognitive skills (e.g., Ogbonna, Ibezim & Obi, 2019).”

“Another study by Ogbonna et al. (2019) demonstrated that both synchronous and asynchronous online learning signi fi cantly increased students ’ achievement and skill acquisition in word processing.”

“According to Ogbonna et al. (2019), LMS software facilitates deployment, management, tracking, and reporting interactions between teachers, learning materials, and learners.”

“…is the act of delivering online learning via the web where Higher Learning Research Communications 12 students have access to class at a time of their choosing, while synchronous learning is delivered in real-time and students and instructors are online at the same time (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“To promote student autonomy in synchronous and asynchronous online learning, the instructor should redesign new classroom teaching and learning techniques (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“technology, such as a computer, laptop or smartphone connected to an adequate internet network (Kim, 2020a; Ogbonna et al., 2019; Rasmitadila et al., 2020).”

“…such as conferences and online chat; on the other hand, synchronous learning involves direct interactions between students and teachers through online forms such as conferences and online chat (Ko & Rossen, 2017; Ogbonna et al., 2019; Sturm & Quaynor, 2020; Tarman, 2020; Vrellis et al., 2010).”

“In the case of online synchronous learning, communication and interaction happen in real-time (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“The use of learning media for synchronous and asynchronous activities can assist students in comprehending learning (Amiti, 2020; Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“…for response, students using ASCMC have more self-paced time to think over the learning materials and thus deepen their understanding of a speci fi c issue (AbuSeileek & Qatawneh, 2013; Angeli & Schwartz, 2016; Giesbers et al., 2014; Hrastinski, 2008; Ogbonna et al., 2019; Riordan & Kreuz, 2010).”

“foster collaboration, underscoring its potential as a valuable component of modern English language instruction (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“It has been confirmed that using methodologies other than the traditional one shows a positive effect on student learning (Ogbonna, Ibezim & Obi, 2019; Penn & Ramnarain, 2019).”

“A learner might use blogs, forums, wikis, discussions, and questions on their own time (Dhawan, 2020; Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“…related to RQ 1 testified that compared to those of SCMC, the effects of ASCMC between students and teachers on students’ digital reading performance were significantly more positive, which is consistent with previous results (e.g., Giesbers et al., 2014; Ogbonna et al., 2019; Oztok et al., 2013).”

“E-learning merupakan bentuk pembelajaran yang memanfaatkan fasilitas teknologi yang membuat siswa juga akan belajar digital (Ogbonna et al., 2019; Sorensen, 2013).”

“As Ogbonna et al. (2019, p.2) asserted, “synchronous learning is delivered in real-time, and students and instructors are online at the same time.””

“The application organizes entirely e-Learning-teaching activities that allow teaching materials delivery system from teachers to students or conversely using internet or medias of computer network (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“Several previous studies have shown that this asynchronous model is very suitable for learning that focuses on improving cognitive abilities (Garrison, 2011; Hrastinski, 2008; Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“responsibility; availability; and providing feedback on ongoing learning (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“In addition, the use of learning media, such as pictures for asynchronous and synchronous activities, can help students understand (Amin et al., 2022; Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“The analytical methods of this work include the study and analysis of the work of some Eurasian scientists and teachers (Marlina, 2018; Ogbonna et al., 2019; Hovhannisyan, 2022; McCallum, 2022).”

“Online learning emphasizes Internet-based courses offered synchronously and asynchronously [2].”

“Asynchronous online learning is self-paced and students can access the prepared digital instructional materials and perform learning activities at their preferred time (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“…should be taught in a face-to-face learning environment where weaker teaching presence and weaker studentstudent interactions are averted (Jaggars, 2014) or partly due to contextual factors (Caskurlu et al., 2020; Epp et al., 2017) and the mode of interaction (Garrison, 2017; Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“On the other hand, Ogbonna, Ibezim, and Obi (2019) conducted an empirical study on cognitive achievement in word processing with asynchronous and synchronous e-learning modes with secondary school students aged 10 to 12 years.”

“Given two different systems, distance education, synchronous and asynchronous, synchronous education is real-time (Gurung & Stone, 2020; Ogbonna et al., 2019), asynchronous training is known as training (Safavi, 2008) in which participants can participate asynchronously.”

“It was categorization is of two types of online learning, asynchronous and synchronous (Elshami et al., 2021; Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“The teacher implemented asynchronous learning as large enrolments in online class really can reduce the chance of effective online interactions (Fabriz et al., 2021; Ogbonna et al., 2019; Papadima-Sophocleous & Loizides, 2016).”

“Examples include virtual classrooms, Skype conversations, live online instructions of teacher and feedback, live web conferences, and chat rooms where both teacher and students are online and interacting collaboratively [1].”

“However, research by Ogbonna, Ibezim, & Obi (2019) said that the synchronous learning approach is more helpful for students in receiving lessons, can encourage student motivation, critical thinking, there is interaction in learning and improve student skills.”

“Ogbonna, Ibezim, and Obi (2019) studied how synchronous and asynchronous e-learning affect students’ cognitive and academic achievement.”

“There are essentially two modes of E-learning : synchronous and asynchronous [11] [12] [13] [14] : • Synchronous E-learning : This is real-time online learning, with learners and instructor online (virtual classroom, webinars and audio/visual conferences), interacting at the same time from…”

“learning approach such as lesson materials designed in such a way that it can be delivered through email facilities or other similar facilities (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“Of particular note in the field of post-graduate mathematics teachings were the findings of Nsa et al. (2012) and Ogbonna et al. (2019), who found that students acquire practical skills (e.g., mathematical problem-solving) better when they are taught in a synchronous online setting, as compared to…”

“The first type is synchronous learning, which involves the teacher and student communicating with each other live using telecommunications (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“E-learning has been introduced to ensure the wide dissemination of these fundamental content and skills, even outside of school [16][18].”

“…involves activities mediated through learning management systems and digital platforms (Leighton & Griffioen, 2021) and can be synchronous, involving real-time interaction, or asynchronous, allowing learners to engage with materials at their own pace (Ogbonna et al., 2019; Richardson et al., 2020).”

“The employment of tools regarding to this sort of methodology have contributed to the educational grounds positively (Ogbonna et al., 2019)(Shieh & Qiang-Jun, 2020), and to some extent they have advocated a favorable acceptance of its utilization by their users (Fredericksen et al., 2000)(Hiltz,…”

“Ogbonna et al. (2019) claimed that students learn practical skills better in a synchronous online setting whereas cognitive achievement, such as producing meaningful and thoughtful contributions is better in asynchronous settings.”

“On the synchronous approach, the lecturers and the students conduct a class in a real time from a separated spot (Ogbonna et al., 2019; Sipatu & Silitonga, 2022).”

“…banyak kajian mendapati terdapat kelebihan dalam pembelajaran segerak atas talian (Bernard, et al., 2004; Hrastinski, 2008; Nsa et al., 2012; Ogbonna et al., 2019), namun demikian pelaksanaan PdP menggunakan pelbagai platform persidangan video secara berlebihan boleh menyumbang pada apa…”

“E-learning is a new type of education that blends network communities with a variety of learning resources (Ogbonna et al., 2019).”

“…to providing a well-designed, learner-centred, and supported learning experience ranging from synchronous to asynchronous learning through deploying digital technologies and other learning materials tailored to an open, scalable, and distributed learning environment (Ogbonna, Ibezim, & Obi, 2019).”

“Some learning materials are created by lecturers and platform collectors through platforms such as LMS in Moodle, email or systems, blogs, online discussions, Wikipedia, videos, articles, and other platforms [16]; [17]; [18]; [19].”

“Many researchers asserted the importance of electronic task-based learning such as: Yang, Chen, & Jeng (2010), Ganyaupfu (2013), Tejedo-Romero, Rosa, Corcoles & Ponce (2015), Makransky & Lilleholt (2018), Ogbonna, Ibezim & Obi (2019), Chien, Hwang & Jong (2020).”

“The learning is in form synchronous and asynchronous learning modes [2], [3], [4].”