Immune responses in neonates
Open accessAbstract
Neonates have little immunological memory and a developing immune system, which increases their vulnerability to infectious agents. Recent advances in the understanding of neonatal immunity indicate that both innate and adaptive responses are dependent on precursor frequency of lymphocytes, antigenic dose and mode of exposure. Studies in neonatal mouse models and human umbilical cord blood cells demonstrate the capability of neonatal immune cells to produce immune responses similar to adults in some aspects but not others. This review focuses mainly on the developmental and functional mechanisms of the human neonatal immune system. In particular, the mechanism of innate and adaptive immunity and the role of neutrophils, antigen presenting cells, differences in subclasses of T lymphocytes (Th1, Th2, Tregs) and B cells are discussed. In addition, we have included the recent developments in the neonatal mouse immune system. Understanding neonatal immunity is essential to development of therapeutic vaccines to combat newly emerging infectious agents.
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The mechanisms for these difficulties include the effect of maternally transferred immune factors and the immaturity of innate and adaptive immune cells.
“The mechanisms for these difficulties include the effect of maternally transferred immune factors and the immaturity of innate and adaptive immune cells.22”
From SARS-CoV-2 vaccine testing and trials in the pediatric population: biologic, ethical, research, and implementation challenges (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Innate Immunity of Neonates and Infants
Yu, J. C., Khodadadi, H., Malik, A., Davidson, B., Salles, É. D. S. L., Bhatia, J., Hale, V. L., & Baban, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01759 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Wilcox, C. R., Holder, B., & Jones, C. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01294 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“At birth, neonates encounter a wide range of new pathogens and have an inexperienced immune system, making them particularly vulnerable to infection (2).”
Early-Life Formation of the Microbial and Immunological Environment of the Human Airways
Pattaroni, C., Watzenboeck, M. L., Schneidegger, S., Kieser, S., Wong, N. C., Bernasconi, E., Pernot, J., Mercier, L., Knapp, S., Nicod, L. P., et al. (2018) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.10.019 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Microbiota-targeted maternal antibodies protect neonates from enteric infection
Zheng, W., Zhao, W., Wu, M., Song, X., Caro, F., Sun, X., Gazzaniga, F., Stefanetti, G., Oh, S., Mekalanos, J. J., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1898-4 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
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Maturation-dependent expression of AIM2 in human B-cells
Svensson, A., Patzi Churqui, M., Schlüter, K., Lind, L., & Eriksson, K. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183268 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Basha, S., Surendran, N., & Pichichero, M.
- Affiliations
- Rochester General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pichichero, Michael
- Venue
- Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-08-04
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1171-1184
- ISSN
- 1744-666X (ISSN-L)
- 1744-8409
- PMC
- PMC4407563
- OpenAlex
- W2090477263
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Expert Review of Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (R0108671)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC008671)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- neonatal immunity, immune system development, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, antigen dose, umbilical cord blood, neutrophils, antigen-presenting cells, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, regulatory T cells, B cells, neonatal mouse model, therapeutic vaccines, neonatal infection
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Innate, Infant, Newborn, B-Lymphocyte Subsets, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Models, Animal, Mice, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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