The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Frequency of K-ras Mutations in Pancreatic Intraductal Neoplasias Associated with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Chronic Pancreatitis: A Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Molecular analyses have demonstrated mutations in the K-ras gene at codon 12 in the majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). In order to determine whether the K-ras mutation rate increases parallel to the grade of dysplasia in duct lesions, we performed a meta-analysis of the studies published between 1988 and 2003 that provide information on K-ras mutations in hyperplastic and dysplastic duct lesions in the pancreas. The described duct lesions were reclassified according to the nomenclature for pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and the molecular methods for detecting K-ras were reviewed. In PanIN lesions from pancreata of patients with PDAC, there was a stepwise increase in K-ras mutations that correlated with the grade of dysplasia of the PanIN lesion. K-ras mutations were found in 36%, 44%, and 87% of PanIN-1a, 1b, and 2-3 lesions, respectively (trend statistic P <.001). Mutation-enriched polymerase chain reaction (PCR) resulted in higher rates of K-ras mutations in PanIN than plain PCR did. The incidence of K-ras mutations in PanIN lesions associated with chronic pancreatitis (CP) or normal pancreas was low (around 10%). In CP, K-ras mutations were only found after a disease duration of 3 years. The correlation of the incidence of K-ras mutations with the grade of dysplasia in PanIN and the occurrence of these mutations in CP with a duration of more than 3 years underlines the importance of this genetic change for the development of PDAC.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“KRAS mutations were found in 10% of CP lesions and 44% of PDAC lesions, with an increase in frequency with the progression of PanIN grade [102].”
From Significance of TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4 and KRAS in Pancreatic Cancer (2024) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“KRAS mutations are often early events in tumourigenesis in lung and pancreatic cancers [41, 42].”
From Drugging KRAS: Current perspectives and state-of-art review (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“KRAS mutation is readily detectable in 25% and 38% of PanIN-1A and PanIN-1B, respectively (55).”
From KRAS mutation in pancreatic cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Probable Inference, the Law of Succession, and Statistical Inference
Wilson, E. B. (1927) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1927.10502953 · Cited by 4,476 · cited 1×
“The confidence interval estimates for the proportion of K-ras–positive samples for each individual study and for the overall estimates were calculated using Wilson’s method [22].”
MethodPreinvasive and invasive ductal pancreatic cancer and its early detection in the mouse
Hingorani, S. R., Petricoin, E. F., Maitra, A., Rajapakse, V., King, C., Jacobetz, M. A., Ross, S., Conrads, T. P., Veenstra, T. D., Hitt, B. A., et al. (2003) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00309-x · Cited by 2,471
Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements
Hahn, W. C., Counter, C. M., Lundberg, A. S., Beijersbergen, R. L., Brooks, M. W., & Weinberg, R. A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22780 · Cited by 2,345
Hruban, R. H., Adsay, N. V., Albores–Saavedra, J., Compton, C., Garrett, E. S., Goodman, S. N., Kern, S. E., Klimstra, D. S., Klöppel, G., Longnecker, D. S., et al. (2001) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000478-200105000-00003 · Cited by 1,126 · cited 2×
“When K-ras mutations were also found in in situ components of PDAC and PDAC-associated duct lesions [7–9], they were thought to be potential tumor precursors [10], and it was hoped that mutated K-ras might serve as a marker of the developing PDAC [11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHruban, R. H., van Mansfeld, A. D. M., Offerhaus, G. J. A., van Weering, D. H. J., Allison, D. C., Goodman, S. N., Kensler, T. W., Bose, K., Cameron, J. L., & Bos, J. L. (1993) · PubMed Central · Cited by 650
Wilentz, R. E., Iacobuzio–Donahue, C. A., Argani, P., McCarthy, D. M., Parsons, J. L., Yeo, C. J., Kern, S. E., & Hruban, R. H. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 591
Systematic Reviews: Checklists for review articles
Oxman, A. D. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6955.648 · Cited by 480
p16 and K-ras gene mutations in the intraductal precursors of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Moskaluk, C. A., Hruban, R. H., & Kern, S. E. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 429
Genetic progression in the pancreatic ducts
Hruban, R. H., Wilentz, R. E., & Kern, S. E. (2000) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65054-7 · Cited by 373 · cited 1×
“evolution of PanINs [38].”
Telomere Shortening Is Nearly Universal in Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
van Heek, N. T., Meeker, A. K., Kern, S. E., Yeo, C. J., Lillemoe, K. D., Cameron, J. L., Offerhaus, G. J. A., Hicks, J. L., Wilentz, R. E., Goggins, M. G., et al. (2002) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64432-x · Cited by 363 · cited 1×
“lesions of all grades [30] and were thought to predispose”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–346 of 346
Role of Genes in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
Gao, F., Zhou, H., Lin, Y., Dong, F., Guo, Y., & Liu, Q. (2019)
Molecular Biology of Biliopancreatic Lesions
Visani, M., Acquaviva, G., Pession, A., Tallini, G., & de Biase, D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42569-2_51
Análise integrada de alterações somáticas e transcricionais em tumores de pâncreas
Pellegrina, D. V. D. S. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.95.2020.tde-25062020-165840
Molecular and morphologic study of pancreatic cancer evolution
Noë, M. (2020) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/3
Iovanna, J., Calvo, E. L., Dagorn, J. C., & Dusetti, N. (2011) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-358-5_5
Hirabayashi, K., Saika, T., Kato, N., Itoh, H., & Nakamura, N. (2020) · Suizo · doi:10.2958/suizo.35.293
Arasanz, H. (2020) · Academica-e (Universidad Pública de Navarra) · doi:10.48035/tesis/2454/41091
Alzhrani, R. M. (2020) · Human Biology
Gleeson, F. C. (2021) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2020.07.024
Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of FZD5 Essentiality in RNF43 mutant Pancreatic Cancer
Zhang, M. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Moser, C., Mori, A., Lang, S. A., Hackl, C., Schlitt, H. J., Geissler, E. K., & Stöltzing, O. (2009) · Langenbecks Archiv für Chirurgie. Supplement · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00625-8_9
Epidemiologie und Karzinogenese des Pankreaskarzinoms
Schulte, N. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37964-2_62
Klöppel, G., Lüttges, J., & Sipos, B. (2020) · Pathologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04557-8_22
Self-citationTherapeutic strategies targeting Kv10.1 in PDAC
Zahed, F. (2017) · doi:10.53846/goediss-6092
GSK3β-mediated DNA damage repair in pancreatic cancer
Schmídt, G. (2021) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8509
Jiang, J., Zhang, Z., Yuan, Y., Qi, R., Chen, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Xi, Y., Guo, Q., Zheng, H., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-132208/v1
“The p53 protein encoded by the TP53 gene is involved in cell cycle regulation, maintains the G2/M phase arrest and induces cell apoptosis [52].”
BackgroundPathophysiology roles and translational opportunities of miRNAs in pancreatic cancer
Dilmaç, S., & Özpolat, B. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822287-4.00003-7
Ivakhno, S., Frese, K. K., Tavaré, S., Iacobuzio–Donahue, C. A., & Tuveson, D. A. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511979811.027
Precision Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer
Beech, J. (2015) · doi:10.18130/v3hp0v
Chang, T., & Qian, Z. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1971429/v1
Carpenter, E. S., Elhossiny, A. M., Kadiyala, P., Li, J., McGue, J. J., Griffith, B. D., Zhang, Y., Edwards, J., Nelson, S., Lima, F., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.c.6651113.v1
Carpenter, E. S., Elhossiny, A. M., Kadiyala, P., Li, J., McGue, J. J., Griffith, B. D., Zhang, Y., Edwards, J., Nelson, S., Lima, F., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.c.6651113
Kishore, U., Varghese, P. M., Mangogna, A., Klein, L., Tu, M., Urbach, L., Qiu, M., Nicolle, R., Murugaiah, V., Beirag, N., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.28.564512
Targeted Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer: Focus on KRAS
Keum, J., & Lee, S. H. (2025) · Journal of Digestive Cancer Research · doi:10.52927/jdcr.2025.13.1.52
Structural insights of the complex formed by KRAS G12V and a novel TIG3 peptide
Ha, M. S., Han, C. W., Jeong, M. S., & Jang, S. B. (2025) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2025.141091
Altered Signaling Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Pancreatic Cancer
Castellanos, J. A., Nagathihalli, N. S., & Merchant, N. B. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.04905-4
Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Metastasis
Rhim, A. D., Sohal, D. P. S., & Nakagawa, H. (2012) · Molecular pathology library · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6015-2_13
Biliary stents can modify the microbiota and promote the progression of pancreatic cancer
Fiordaliso, M., Pala, B., Marincola, G., Piscione, M., Savino, L., Mazzone, M., Marcantonio, M. C. D., & Mincione, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1633611
The role of Activin signaling pathway in the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer
Zhao, Y. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/17612dbdz6d94z4563z86a3z6d1e91b34f9b
Vanlaeys, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/38e3152fzf834z4cfaz934azabfae8a37fdf
Molins, E. A. G. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/252d1be2z22e8z4378zb146zfd4ec7fa46a7
Bertrand‐Chapel, A. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6f1078b7z94d3z4096z85a9z40b435cd6a59
Role of the stromal microenvironment in PDAC and resistance to therapies
Ode, A. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0452e0e9z98e8z47d9za007zd4b472926aab
Dorbin, D., Herrera, J., Davidson, R., Chandrashekar, N., Scheuber, G., Jayakrishnan, P., Rajesh, C., Johnson, G., Yuan, J., Sochor, M., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.07.05.735339
“This reduced holistic RAS pathway activity likely explains decreased tumorigenic potential in murine models (13,20,22), consistent with KRAS G12R’s clinical enrichment in well-to moderately-differentiated localized PDAC versus KRAS G12D’s enrichment in metastatic disease (20,42).”
Sibbersen, E., Patel, D. J., Cheema, H., Hruban, R. H., & Schmidt, C. M. (2026) · Journal of Surgical Case Reports · doi:10.1093/jscr/rjag798
“KRAS is among the most important regulatory genes in pancreatic neoplasms and exhibits high mutation rates in both IPMN and PanIN [ 9, 10].”
BindingDB Entry 50004661: New farnesyltransferase inhibitors in the phenothiazine series.
BindingDB (2020) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2cz3b0z
Review Article Update on Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Hruban, R. H., Maitra, A., & Goggins, M. (2014)
Genesis of Pancreatic Ductal Neoplasia
Centeno, B. A., & Springett, G. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3725-1_16
“Kras gene mutations occur early and are an initiating event [ 47 ].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Löhr, M., Klöppel, G., Maisonneuve, P., Lowenfels, A. B., & Lüttges, J.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- European Institute of Oncology (IT)
- New York Medical College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Löhr, Matthias
- Venue
- Neoplasia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-23
- ISSN
- 1476-5586 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1490318
- OpenAlex
- W2108100098
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neoplasia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Deutsche Krebshilfe
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- KRAS mutation, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic dysplasia, disease duration
- MeSH terms
- Adenocarcinoma, Humans, Mutation, Pancreatic Ducts, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Pancreatitis, Genes, ras, Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review