Blockchain and associated legal issues for emerging markets
Open accessAbstract
Blockchain, or distributed ledger technology (DLT), is a tamper-evident and tamper-resistant digital ledger implemented in a distributed fashion.1 This emerging technology, which enables direct transactions within a ledger without need for a central authority or trusted intermediary, has the potential to re-engineer economic models and enable the creation of markets and products previously unavailable or unprofitable across emerging markets. However, in considering the potential benefits of blockchain, organizations must also consider the associated risks and how they can be managed. These risks include jurisdictional challenges, crypto assets, privacy and data protection, double spending, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Several risks have been identified and overcome at similar innovative leaps in the recent past, including the commercialization of the Internet and cloud computing. It is essential that enterprises understand all risks inherent in blockchain systems, including being able to clearly identify who is accountable and legally responsible.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Role of Blockchain to Fight Against COVID-19
Kalla, A., Hewa, T., Mishra, R. A., Ylianttila, M., & Liyanage, M. (2020) · IEEE Engineering Management Review · doi:10.1109/emr.2020.3014052 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“blockchain [20]? In the case of any legal dispute or any discrepancy, especially regarding public blockchain infrastructure, which jurisdiction will apply? If a smart contract is found to be erroneous, then who owns the”
BackgroundInfluentialBlockchain applications and architectures for port operations and logistics management
Ahmad, R. W., Hasan, H. R., Jayaraman, R., Salah, K., & Omar, M. (2021) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100620 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Exploring Sybil and Double-Spending Risks in Blockchain Systems
Iqbal, M., & Matulevičius, R. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3081998 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“According to [73], permissionless blockchain systems are incompatible with privacy laws (e.g., EU general data protection regulation (GDPR)).”
BackgroundJha, N. N., Prashar, D., Khalaf, O. I., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13168921 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“However this is proved to be wrong as in case of any attack, the target is not the ledger but the crypto wallets which can lead to misleading results [20].”
BackgroundBlockchain for Governments: The Case of the Dubai Government
Khan, S. N., Shael, M., Majdalawieh, M., Nizamuddin, N., & Nicho, M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116576 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ecosystem Readiness: Blockchain Adoption is Driven Externally
Lustenberger, M., Malešević, S., & Spychiger, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2021.720454 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“According to Salmon and Myers (2019), the distributed character of blockchain establishes legal concerns that are not recognized by the current regulations.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBlockchain in Insurance: Exploratory Analysis of Prospects and Threats
Amponsah, A. A., Adekoya, A. F., & Weyori, B. A. (2021) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2021.0120153 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“For example, [30] concentrate on blockchain application in the Internet of Things (IoT), [31] authentication and identity management, [32,33] security and privacy, [34] Software Defined Networks (SDN) and a lot more.”
BackgroundInfluentialPotential Blockchain Technology in Higher Education Learning Innovations in Era 4.0
Edastama, P., Purnama, S., Widayanti, R., Meria, L., & Rivelino, D. (2021) · Blockchain Frontier Technology · doi:10.34306/bfront.v1i01.18 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bandeiras, F., Gomes, Á., Gomes, M. H., et al. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16020801 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Governance in the era of Blockchain technology in Qatar: a roadmap and a manual for Trade Finance
Ibrahim, I. A., & Truby, J. (2021) · Journal of Banking Regulation · doi:10.1057/s41261-021-00165-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This would result in an uncertain tax environment which could deter investors and innovation [141].”
InfluentialNyaYa: Blockchain-based electronic law record management scheme for judicial investigations
Verma, A., Bhattacharya, P., Saraswat, D., & Tanwar, S. (2021) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2021.103025 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The development and application of the zakat collection blockchain system
Khairi, K. F., Laili, N. H., Sabri, H., Ahmad, A., Pham, V. H., & Trần, M. D. (2023) · Journal of Governance and Regulation · doi:10.22495/jgrv12i1siart9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
DiabeticChain: a novel blockchain approach for patient-centric diabetic data management
Mishra, D. K., & Mehra, P. S. (2024) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-024-06589-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Blockchain: Application and Utilization in Higher Education
Lindenmoyer, J., & Fischer, M. (2019) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v19i6.2306 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
AlAfnan, M. A., & MohdZuki, S. F. (2024) · World Journal of English Language · doi:10.5430/wjel.v14n5p482 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Role of Blockchain Technology in the Management of Waqf
Laili, N. H., Khairi, K. F., & Masruki, R. B. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26953-0_9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Blockchain Law: A New BeginningPreprint
Mohsin, K. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3840220 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Implementation of New Public Governance Through Blockchain: A Delphi-based analysis
Brinkmann, M., & Heine, M. (2022) · International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance · doi:10.1145/3560107.3560108 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Similar to cloud computing [49] or discussions on who may be able to affect 5G networks, geographical questions may play significant roles in the setup of blockchain environments: Where are the hardware and data hosted? Who runs the nodes? Who develops the applications? Blockchain may further intensify the discussion…”
BackgroundMudgal, A. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119711063.ch1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hussein, Y. J. M. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.64252/3cvyry21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
To what extent can blockchain help development co-operation actors meet the 2030 Agenda?
Boiardi, P., & Stout, E. (2021) · OECD development co-operation working papers · doi:10.1787/11857cb5-en · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Blockchain as a chain for humanitarian aid: transforming the lives of refugees
Ruzafa, M. C. (2021) · Repositório do ISCTE-IUL · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Staley, I., & Amankwa, E. (2025) · IET Blockchain · doi:10.1049/blc2.70019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Legal and Regulatory Landscape of Blockchain Technology in Various Countries
Karisma, K., & Tehrani, P. M. (2021) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7927-5.ch004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Blockchain Integration: Transforming Islamic Frozen Estate Management in Malaysia
Laili, N. H., Khairi, K. F., & Ahmad, A. (2024) · Contributions to management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61778-2_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Examining the Legal Issues Involved in the Application of Blockchain Technology
Ilegieuno, S., Chukwuani, O., & Eigbobo, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74150-1_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cryptocurrency and ETF's - Regulatory Challenges - A Case for Progressive Regulators
Mehrotra, A., & Singh, P. (2021) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) · doi:10.1109/icccnt51525.2021.9580092 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Domdouzis, K., Lake, P., & Crowther, P. (2021) · Undergraduate topics in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42224-0_17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Managing emerging risks and sustainability in blockchain adoption for tourism operations
Prados-Castillo, J. F., Gálvez‐Sánchez, F. J., Liébana-Cabanillas, F. J., et al. (2026) · Information Technology & Tourism · doi:10.1007/s40558-026-00366-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These challenges are related to the lack of regulation, risks associated with privacy and data protection, generation of the well-known double-spending effect, and denial-of-service attacks known as denial-of-service attacks (DoS) (Salmon and Myers 2019).”
Laws and policy initiatives in regulating blockchain and digital currencies
Selvanesan, H., & Rodrigo, N. (2024) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-12-2022-0199 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Legal and Compliance Risks of AI and Blockchain Technologies
İBRAHİM, M. A. K., & Balaban, M. F. (2025) · Accounting, finance, sustainability, governance & fraud · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6448-1_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Blockchain Technology for Industry 4.0
Berwer, R. K., Indora, S., Atal, D. K., & Yadav, V. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781394216147.ch6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
INTERNATIONAL BLOCKCHAIN REGULATION: REGULATION BY CODE – OUTLAWS OR NEW CONCEPTIONS OF LAW?
Flink, M. (2021) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
Bitcoin ETF’s and Blockchain - Regulatory Challenges and the Way Forward
Mehrotra, A., & Singh, P. (2021) · International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN) · doi:10.1109/spin52536.2021.9566017
Towards an Ultimate Cashless Society and Potential Collaboration Between Blockchain and E-Payments
Foo, L. P., Lai, C. L., Ooi, D. B. Y., et al. (2021) · Advances in electronic commerce (AEC) book series/Advances in electronic commerce series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9035-5.ch011
دراسة إستشرافية لتأثير استخدام تقنية سلسلة الكتل –البلوكشين- في تطوير البنية التحتية للأسواق المالية
nagaz, A., Aissaoui, S., & Zehouani, R. (2021) · Dirassat Journal Economic Issue · doi:10.34118/djei.v12i1.1160
Administração Pública: teorias e fundamentos em pesquisa - Volume 2
Lopes, A. E. M. P., & Castro, A. C. (2023) · Editora Científica Digital eBooks · doi:10.37885/978-65-5360-416-2
IMPLICACIONES LEGALES Y DESAFÍOS DE LA TECNOLOGÍA BLOCKCHAIN
Quispe, J. K. H., Chambi, Y. A. M., Huamán, B. P., et al. (2023) · Editora Científica Digital eBooks · doi:10.37885/230513044
Diéz, M. D. C. G., & González, M. L. (2023) · Advances in web technologies and engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5747-4.ch003
Blockchain Within the Insurance Industry: A Bibliometric Analysis
Garg, L., Bugeja, L., Formosa, C. M., et al. (2023) · Algorithms for intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2229-1_28
Khairi, K. F., Laili, N. H., & Al-Zaqeba, M. A. A. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Letters · doi:10.18488/73.v12i3.3878
Blockchain adoption in emerging markets: a systematic review of factors and perceived impacts
Staley, I., & Amankwa, E. (2026) · Data & Policy · doi:10.1017/dap.2026.10071
“Ian Staley and Eric Amankwa Queiroz et al., 2021), China (Sun et al., 2022; Mohammed et al., 2023) Limited infrastructure, low internet penetration, unreliable electricity, and weak data centers Nigeria (Kshetri 2021; Davis et al., 2022), Kenya (Queiroz et al., 2021), Uganda (Kapidani et al., 2021), Tanzania (Kumar et…”
Influential
- Authors
- Salmon, J., & Myers, G.
- Venue
- International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC eBooks
- Published
- 2019-01
- OpenAlex
- W2909592523
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 7.32
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Digital Transformation in Law
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Keywords
- blockchain, distributed ledger technology, legal issues, emerging markets, jurisdictional issues, crypto-assets, privacy and data protection, double spending, DDoS attacks, risk management, legal accountability, decentralization (distributed systems)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review