HEAT TRANSFER AND FRICTION CORRELATIONS FOR PLATE FINNED-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS HAVING PLAIN FINS
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The predictive ability of the friction factors of McQuiston's correlation was quite poor.
“However, the predictive ability of the friction factors, as pointed out by Gray and Webb [3], was quite poor.”
From Heat transfer and friction characteristics of plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers, part II: Correlation (2000) · cites this paper as [3]
The Gray and Webb [3] correlation significantly improved the predictive capability of friction factors, and its heat transfer correlation is comparable to that of McQuiston [2].
“The Gray and Webb [3] correlation had significantly improved the predictive capability of friction factors, and the heat transfer correlation is comparable to that of McQuiston [2].”
From Heat transfer and friction characteristics of plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers, part II: Correlation (2000) · cites this paper as [3]
The Gray and Webb [3] correlation is more appropriate for larger diameter tube and more number of tube rows owing to its limitation of database.
“However, it should be pointed out that the correlation developed by Gray and Webb [3] is more appropriate for larger diameter tube and more number of tube rows owing to its limitation of database.”
From Heat transfer and friction characteristics of plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers, part II: Correlation (2000) · cites this paper as [3]
The Gray and Webb correlation [3] considerably underpredicts the heat transfer data for those having smaller tube diameter.
“A recent investigation by Wang et al. [4] indicated that the Gray and Webb correlation [3] considerably underpredicts the heat transfer data for those having smaller tube diameter.”
From Heat transfer and friction characteristics of plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers, part II: Correlation (2000) · cites this paper as [3]
The mean deviation of the heat transfer correlation for the Gray and Webb correlation is 15.8%.
“As seen, the mean deviation of heat transfer correlation for the McQuiston correlation, the Gray and Webb correlation, and the Seshimo and Fujii correlation [6] are 34.4, 15.8, and 11.3%, respectively.”
From Heat transfer and friction characteristics of plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers, part II: Correlation (2000) · cites this paper as [3]
The airside heat transfer coefficient ha is a function of mass velocity, tube and row spacings, fin spacing, tube diameter, and number of tube rows.
“The airside heat transfer coefficient ha, is a function of the mass velocity G, tube and row spacings S, and W, fin spacing S, tube diameter D, and number of tube rows N. The following expression was adapted from Gray and Webb10:”
From Performance of finned-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions: I. Simulation model (1993) · cites this paper as [10]
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“However, as noted by Webb [16], the small influence of fin spacing, especially at high flow rates, is probably misleading.”
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“(3) The total air flow rate is assumed to be equally divided among the nodes in the face area of the coil.”
BackgroundPerformance of finned-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions: I. Simulation model
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“• Four unknowns: Gray and Webb [17] and Kim et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDomanski, P. (1989) · doi:10.6028/nist.ir.89-4133 · Cited by 49
“To calculate an average value for the j-factor for heat exchangers with less than four depth rows, jN (where N<4) , Gray and Webb [11] provided the following equation:”
BackgroundMethodKhartabil, H., & Christensen, R. (1992) · doi:10.1016/0894-1777(92)90125-o · Cited by 42
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“Heat transfer coefficient Air-side Gray and Webb [6,7]”
BackgroundMethodHEAT TRANSFER AND FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVEX-LOUVER FIN-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS
Wang, C.-C., Chen, P.-Y., & Jang, J. (1996) · Experimental Heat Transfer · doi:10.1080/08916159608946514 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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“Gray and Webb’s j-factor equation [40] is also published in reference [43].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPaeng, J., Kim, K. H., & Yoon, Y. (2009) · doi:10.1007/s12206-008-1013-5 · Cited by 31
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“Webb [11 Ch.3] provides quantitative “performance evaluation criteria” to compare the performance of enhanced versus plate fin geometries for different operating conditions and constraints.”
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“Based on a superposition model, which was initially proposed by Rich [6], Gray and Webb [7] gave an updated correlation for fin-and-tube heat exchangers, that is, superior to McQuiston’s [5].”
MethodBozkula, G., & Demir, H. (2022) · International journal of thermal sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107580 · Cited by 24
Batista, J., Trp, A., & Lenic, K. (2022) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118528 · Cited by 24
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Siddiqui, M., Azam, M. A., & Ali, H. (2022) · The Arabian journal for science and engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-022-06832-3 · Cited by 21
“Grey andWebb [33] heat transfer correlation was the datum by which the confidence intervals were evaluated with low root mean square values in prediction of dry bulb temperature and humidity at the coil exit.”
MethodExperimental and theoretical performance analysis of air-cooled plate-finned-tube evaporators
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Kumar, A., Joshi, J., Nayak, A., & Vijayan, P. (2015) · doi:10.1007/s12046-015-0362-x · Cited by 19
“The results were compared with the results of the Kays & London (1955), Wang et al (2000), Gray & Webb (1986), and Kim et al (1999).”
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Zhou, F., Hansen, N., Geb, D., & Catton, I. (2011) · doi:10.1115/1.4004478 · Cited by 16
“Based on a superposition model which was initially proposed by Rich [10], Gray and Webb [11] gave an updated correlation for fin-and-tube heat exchangers that is superior to McQuiston’s [9].”
MethodStignor, C. H., Sundén, B., & Fahlen, P. (2007) · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.02.007 · Cited by 15
“Such criteria are outlined by Bergles [9] and for low Reynolds number flow in particular by Webb and Bergles [42].”
MethodThermal performance of a single-row fin-and-tube heat exchanger
Tang, S.-P., & Yang, K.-T. (2005) · doi:10.1007/s11630-005-0029-8 · Cited by 15
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“The experimental results of Nu for the plain fin with 4 tube rows are compared with the well-known correlation of Gray [26], and the experimental results of f are compared with the well-known correlation of Wang (14) m = √”
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“It must be noted that: The friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of the air inside the tube and fin exchangers are based on Gray and Webb’s model (Gray & Webb, 1986) and corroborated from data provided by the company that manufactures the exchangers.”
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Jiang, H., Jiang, T.-T., Tian, H., Wu, Q., Deng, C.-Y., & Zhang, R. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13234639 · Cited by 10
“Subsequently, researchers such as McQuis-ton [4], Gray [5], and Webb [5] further expanded their theoretical research based on this foundation.”
Soft Computing Applications in Thermal Energy Systems
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“A major update of air-side heat transfer and pressure drop calculations was completed for improved prediction for modulating air flows based on work by Gray and Webb (1986). Other heat exchanger modeling improvements included the addition of augmentation treatments of wavy and louvered surfaces dependent on Reynolds n…”
MethodMyong, J.-H., Choi, B.-N., Go, M.-G., & Kim, N.-H. (2021) · Experimental heat transfer · doi:10.1080/08916152.2021.1906357 · Cited by 7
Camaraza‐Medina, Y., Rubio-Gonzale, Á. M., Cruz-Fonticiella, O., Garcia-Morales, O. F., Toledo, R., & Quiza-Sardiñas, R. (2018) · Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems · doi:10.18280/mmep.050413 · Cited by 7
“Gray and Webb Correlations [13] is applicable for 5 10 47 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe effect of evaporator operating parameters on the flow patterns inside horizontal pipes
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Design Considerations for Air-Conditioning Evaporator and Condenser Coils
Pate, M. (1988) · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2790-2_28 · Cited by 7
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“Hence, his correlations do not have the ambiguity of the previously used flat-fin correlation by Gray and Webb (1986) developed using data on 16 heat exchangers, 10 of which had no fin-to-collar heat transfer resistance due to a metallurgical bond.”
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Popović, P. (1999) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-13744 · Cited by 5
“Gray and Webb (1986) derived a general correlation for a plate heat exchanger with plain fins as they combined data fi-om several sources:”
BackgroundSarraf, D. B. (2006) · doi:10.4271/2006-01-2163 · Cited by 4
A study on airside performance of geometry combination fins using large scale model
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Ryan, A., & Timoney, D. (1997) · doi:10.4271/970831 · Cited by 3
Jeong, J., Park, S., Sarker, D., & Chang, K. (2012) · Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12206-012-0204-2 · Cited by 2
“The air-side heat transfer coefficient of an evaporator can be estimated by Gary and Webb’s [35] correlation, which was developed based on experimental data for fintube heat exchangers having plain fins and more than 4-row tube bundles.”
MethodCFD-Based Approach to Propose a Zigzag-Shaped Tube Heat Exchanger without Fins
Rayhan, S., Kariya, K., & Miyara, A. (2023) · Thermo · doi:10.3390/thermo3020019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“McQuiston [18] proposed the first correlation of this application in 1978, which was later improved by Gray and Webb [19].”
MethodKim, N.-H. (2021) · Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12206-021-0940-2 · Cited by 2
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Kim, N.-H. (2015) · 설비공학논문집 · doi:10.6110/kjacr.2015.27.5.254 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“(7) 이 예측은 j와 f 상관식을 통해서도 확인할 수 있는데 Gray and Webb(8)의 평판 핀 j 인자 상관식은 (Pl/Pt)-0.502에 비례하고 Kim et al.(9)의 평판 핀 f 인자 상 관식은(Pl/Pt)-0.106에 비례한다.”
Dirbude, S., Khalifa, N., & Chandra, L. (2018) · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4576-9_9 · Cited by 2
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Investigation of Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger
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“[6] Webb, R.L. and Gray, D.L., 1986, " Heat transfer and friction correlations for plate finned tube heat exchangers having plain fins", Proceedings of 8th Heat transfer Conference, pp. 2745-2750.”
MethodModeling of Automotive A/C Evaporators
Melón, M. G., Corberán, J., Gonzálvez, J., Quera, M., González, I., & Desille, C. (2002) · doi:10.4271/2002-01-1287 · Cited by 1
Novel geometries for air-cooled condensation of ammonia-water mixtures
Chakraborty, S., Kini, G., & Garimella, S. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.10.010 · Cited by 1
Oehme, F. (2015) · doi:10.24405/524 · Cited by 1
“Gray und Webb Gray und Webb [20] entwickelten folgende Korrelation zur Berechnung des Wärmeübergangs bei Rohrrippenwärmeübertragern mit vier Rohren und glatten, trockenen Rippen:”
BackgroundInfluentialCost Minimization for Hot Gas Defrost System
Dansilasirithavorn, J. (2009) · doi:10.15368/theses.2009.91 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bae, K., Cha, D.-A., & Kwon, O. (2016) · Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1007/s00231-016-1754-0
“The average deviation of the j-factor and pressure drop data is 9.8 and 12.7 %, respectively, compared with the correlation of Gray and Webb [14].”
ResultInfluentialFlow and heat transfer enhancement in tube heat exchangers
Ahmed, S. E. S. S., Mesalhy, O., & Abdelatief, M. A. (2015) · Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1007/s00231-015-1669-1
“Webb [126] presented an excellent survey for overall heat transfer and ∆P correlations on annular-finned tubes bundles.”
BackgroundInfluentialMu, L.-B., Lu, J.-H., Wang, S.-L., Liu, G.-C., Chen, H.-B., Zhang, M.-G., Yan, J.-C., & Jiang, Y.-W. (2027) · International journal of thermal sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.111394
Cottier, F., Beck, O., Wanzek, S., & Jäppelt, B. (2025) · European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics · doi:10.29008/etc2025-102
“Additional correlations numerically developed for heat exchanger with fins are presented by Webb [3].”
Jadhav, N. P., Raja, V. K. B., & Bhosale, S. (2019) · Techno-Societal 2018 · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16962-6_17
- Authors
- Gray, D. L., & Webb, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- ORCID
- Gray, D. L.
- Venue
- Proceeding of International Heat Transfer Conference 8
- Publisher
- Begellhouse
- Published
- 1986
- Pages
- 2745-2750
- OpenAlex
- W2935931434
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Heat Transfer Conference (IHTC) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies
- Keywords
- plain fins, heat transfer correlations, friction factor correlation, heat exchanger performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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