Performance of finned-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions: I. Simulation model
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper presents an analytical, quasi-steady-state model that couples frost growth with finned-tube heat exchanger performance under frosting conditions. It predicts frost accumulation, energy transfer coefficient, and airside pressure drop trends for varying humidity, fin density, and face velocity.
Key findings
- After 1 h of operation, the model predicts frost height at 85% RH is twice that at 70% RH; higher fin density and higher face velocity also increase frost accumulation.
- The frost layer is nearly constant along coil depth after 10 min, but there is a 15% drop in frost height along the coil depth after 60 min.
- The energy transfer coefficient, \(E_o\), decreases monotonically with frost accumulation, but the drop is not appreciable (within 5%) over up to 60 min; higher humidity gives a slightly faster drop, while higher fin density and face velocity increase \(E_o\).
- Airside pressure drop rises with higher humidity, fin density, and face velocity; the rise is gradual at first and becomes steeper as more frost accumulates.
Methods
- An analytical quasi-steady-state model was developed, divided into frost-layer and heat-exchanger-performance sections solved simultaneously; the coil is divided into elemental sections, with exit properties from each section becoming entrance properties for the next, allowing forward marching in time.
- The model uses equations for frost deposition, vapour diffusion through the porous frost layer with tortuosity, frost surface energy balance, frost density/height updates, frost thermal conductivity, fin efficiency, overall energy transfer coefficient, airside heat transfer correlation adapted from Gray and Webb, logarithmic mean enthalpy difference, and airside pressure drop.
- Model applications used a coil with aluminium flat fins 0.12 mm thick, fin density 591 fins per metre, and copper tubes 9.525 mm OD and 9.195 mm ID; ambient conditions were face velocity 0.762 m s⁻¹, 85% RH, air temperature 0°C, and refrigerant temperature −5°C unless otherwise stated.
Limitations
- The paper states assumptions including: all local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point; homogeneous frost distribution over the entire coil; quasi-steady-state behaviour; frost layer characterized by average properties; frost thermal conductivity varies with density; and radiation exchange between moist air and frost is negligible.
- The paper states that comparisons with experimental data are presented in the following companion paper; here, comparisons with previous studies show the model successfully predicts trends in a qualitative way.
- The trends presented are for the first elemental section of the heat exchanger, with other sections expected to exhibit similar trends.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 14 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning§ Airside pressure drop · p. 5
For higher fin densities and face velocities, the initial value of pressure drop is higher.
“For higher fin densities and face velocities, the initial value of pressure drop is already higher to start with due to lower free flow areas and higher mass flow rates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: As frost forms on the fins and tubes, it blocks off the free flow area, thereby increasing the airside pressure drop across the coil.
- Findingreasoning§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4
The energy transfer coefficient Eo begins to decrease monotonically with time as frost accumulates.
“As expected, owing to the insulating effect of the frost, the energy transfer coefficient, Eo, begins to decrease monotonically with time as frost accumulates (Figure 5), but the drop is not appreciable (within 5%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The thermal conductivity of frost varies with its density.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The frost layer is characterized by average properties.
- Findingreasoning§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4
A higher humidity exhibits a slightly faster drop in Eo.
“A higher humidity exhibits a slightly faster drop in Eo, ostensibly due to a greater frost insulation effect, since a higher humidity leads to more frost.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The thermal conductivity of frost varies with its density.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The frost layer is characterized by average properties.
- Findingnone given§ Frost growth · p. 4
There is a 15% drop in frost height along the coil depth after 60 min.
“There is a 15% drop in frost height along the coil depth after 60 min.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: All local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point.
- The authors state this as an assumption: There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The problem is quasi-steady-state in nature.
- Findingreasoning§ Frost growth · p. 4
A higher face velocity leads to greater frost accumulation.
“A higher face velocity translates into a larger mass of moisture flowing across the coils and hence greater frost accumulation, as seen in Figure 3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: All local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point.
- The authors state this as an assumption: There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The problem is quasi-steady-state in nature.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Part of the water vapour goes to increase the frost density and the rest to increase frost height.
- Findingreasoning§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4
A higher face velocity leads to an increase in Eo.
“Similarly, a higher face velocity not only leads to a higher Reynolds number, and hence a higher airside heat-transfer coefficient, but also leads to an increase in latent energy transfer, thereby increasing Eo.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The thermal conductivity of frost varies with its density.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The frost layer is characterized by average properties.
- Findingreasoning§ Airside pressure drop · p. 5
For higher humidity, fin density, and face velocity, there is a higher pressure drop across the coil.
“The general trends indicate that for a higher humidity, fin density and face velocity, there is a higher pressure drop across the coil due to increased frost accumulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: As frost forms on the fins and tubes, it blocks off the free flow area, thereby increasing the airside pressure drop across the coil.
- Findingown data§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4
The drop in Eo over the period is not appreciable, within 5%.
“As expected, owing to the insulating effect of the frost, the energy transfer coefficient, Eo, begins to decrease monotonically with time as frost accumulates (Figure 5), but the drop is not appreciable (within 5%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The thermal conductivity of frost varies with its density.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The frost layer is characterized by average properties.
- Findingreasoning§ Frost growth · p. 4
A higher fin density leads to more frost accumulation.
“A higher fin density leads to more frost accumulation due to a larger heat and mass transfer surface area (Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: All local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point.
- The authors state this as an assumption: There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The problem is quasi-steady-state in nature.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Part of the water vapour goes to increase the frost density and the rest to increase frost height.
- Findingreasoning§ Frost growth · p. 4
For a given coil operating under similar conditions, there is more frost accumulation at 85% RH than at 70% RH.
“Figure 2 shows that for a given coil operating under similar conditions, there is more frost accumulation at 85% RH than at 70% RH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: All local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point.
- The authors state this as an assumption: There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The problem is quasi-steady-state in nature.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Part of the water vapour goes to increase the frost density and the rest to increase frost height.
- Findingreasoning§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4
A coil with a higher fin density has a higher rate of energy transfer.
“A coil with a higher fin density has a higher rate of energy transfer due to larger surface area, more frost accumulation and hence higher latent energy transfer (Figure 6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The thermal conductivity of frost varies with its density.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The frost layer is characterized by average properties.
- Findingreasoning§ Frost growth · p. 4
After 1 h of operation, the frost height at 85% RH is twice that at 70% RH.
“The model predicts that after 1 h of operation, the frost height at 85% RH is twice that at 70% RH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: All local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point.
- The authors state this as an assumption: There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The problem is quasi-steady-state in nature.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Part of the water vapour goes to increase the frost density and the rest to increase frost height.
- Interpretationnone given§ Conclusions · p. 5
Comparisons with previous studies have shown that the model successfully predicts the trends in a qualitative way.
“However, comparisons with previous studies have shown that the model successfully predicts the trends in a qualitative way.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Frost growth · p. 4
Previous investigators have confirmed that a higher fin density leads to more frost accumulation.
“This trend has been confirmed by previous investigators, as reported by the authors'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Kondepudi, 1987, The effects of frost growth on extended surface heat exchanger performance — A review, ASHRAE Trans
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ Performance des échangeurs de chaleur à tubes ailetés dans des conditions de givrage: I. Modèle de simulation · p. 1
Only a limited amount of work has been done to develop a comprehensive model addressing thermal performance of finned-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions.
“There has been only a limited amount of work done to develop a comprehensive model that addresses the thermal performance of finned-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions²-6.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [2] Kondepudi, 1987, The performance of triangular spine fins under frosting conditions, J Heat Recovery Systems source
- cites [3] Sanders, 1974, The influence of frost formation and defrosting on the performance of air coolers
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [4] Barrow, 1985, A note on the frosting of heat pump evaporator surfaces, J Heat Recovery Systems source
- cites [5] Oskarsson, 1990, Evaporator models for operation with dry, wet and frosted finned surfaces — Parts 1 & 2, ASHRAE Trans
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [6] Senshu, 1990, Heat pump performance under frosting conditions — Part 1 & 2, ASHRAE Trans
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ Performance des échangeurs de chaleur à tubes ailetés dans des conditions de givrage: I. Modèle de simulation · p. 1
Most previous studies on frost growth in heat exchangers were experimental with limited modeling effort.
“Most studies performed on the subject previously have been experimental in nature with limited effort in the development of a model'.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Kondepudi, 1987, The effects of frost growth on extended surface heat exchanger performance — A review, ASHRAE Trans
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4
The decrease in Eo is due to the insulating effect of the frost.
“As expected, owing to the insulating effect of the frost, the energy transfer coefficient, Eo, begins to decrease monotonically with time as frost accumulates (Figure 5), but the drop is not appreciable (within 5%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Airside pressure drop · p. 5
The higher pressure drop for higher humidity, fin density, and face velocity is due to increased frost accumulation.
“The general trends indicate that for a higher humidity, fin density and face velocity, there is a higher pressure drop across the coil due to increased frost accumulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Airside pressure drop · p. 5
The higher initial pressure drop for higher fin densities and face velocities is due to lower free flow areas and higher mass flow rates.
“For higher fin densities and face velocities, the initial value of pressure drop is already higher to start with due to lower free flow areas and higher mass flow rates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Model development · p. 2
Sanders and Kondepudi have shown the frosted fin efficiency for a plate fin.
“Sanders³ and Kondepudiº have shown the frosted fin efficiency for a plate fin to be:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Sanders, 1974, The influence of frost formation and defrosting on the performance of air coolers
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [9] Kondepudi, 1988, The effects of frost growth on finned tube heat exchangers under laminar flow
- Premisecitation§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4
For a constant airflow, there is little or no effect on the energy transfer coefficient for short periods of time up to 60 min.
“This is consistent with previous observations by the authors9.1 that for a constant airflow there is little or no effect on the energy transfer coefficient for short periods of time up to 60 min.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [9] Kondepudi, 1988, The effects of frost growth on finned tube heat exchangers under laminar flow
- cites [1] Kondepudi, 1987, The effects of frost growth on extended surface heat exchanger performance — A review, ASHRAE Trans
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Frost growth · p. 4
The higher frost accumulation with higher fin density is due to a larger heat and mass transfer surface area.
“A higher fin density leads to more frost accumulation due to a larger heat and mass transfer surface area (Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Model development · p. 3
An advantage of dividing the coil into elemental sections is that the variation in frost height in the direction of airflow can be simulated.
“An advantage of such a form of solution is that the variation in frost height in the direction of airflow can be simulated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Performance des échangeurs de chaleur à tubes ailetés dans des conditions de givrage: I. Modèle de simulation · p. 1
This paper integrates a detailed frost-growth model with heat exchanger performance, which has not been presented before.
“This paper integrates a detailed frost-growth model with the heat exchanger performance, which has not been presented before.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Model development · p. 3
The airside heat transfer coefficient ha is a function of mass velocity, tube and row spacings, fin spacing, tube diameter, and number of tube rows.
“The airside heat transfer coefficient ha, is a function of the mass velocity G, tube and row spacings S, and W, fin spacing S, tube diameter D, and number of tube rows N. The following expression was adapted from Gray and Webb10:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Gray, 1986, Heat transfer and friction correlation for finned tube heat exchangers having plain fins source
- May combine two claims. 7
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ Frost growth · p. 4The lowest possible initial frost height and density that lead to a numerically stable and convergent solution are 0.005 mm and 48 kg m−3, respectively.
“The lowest possible initial frost height and density that lead to a numerically stable and convergent solution are found to be 0.005 mm and 48 kg m−3, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The problem is quasi-steady-state in nature.
May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ Airside pressure drop · p. 5The rise in pressure drop is gradual at first, but as more frost accumulates, the slope becomes steeper.
“The rise in pressure drop is gradual at first, but as more and more frost accumulates, the slope becomes steeper.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: As frost forms on the fins and tubes, it blocks off the free flow area, thereby increasing the airside pressure drop across the coil.
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Frost growth · p. 4Ten minutes into the frosting process, the frost layer is almost constant along the coil depth, with a slight indication of decreasing frost height.
“Ten minutes into the frosting process, while there is a slight indication of decreasing frost height along the coil depth, the frost layer is almost constant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: All local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point.
- The authors state this as an assumption: There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The problem is quasi-steady-state in nature.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone given§ Model development · p. 3Dividing the heat exchanger coil into a number of elemental sections achieves a convergent and numerically stable solution.
“In order to achieve a convergent and numerically stable solution, the heat exchanger coil is divided into a number of elemental sections.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Model development · p. 2O'Neal used an expression for the mass of water vapour diffusing through the porous frost layer.
“O'Neal has used the following expression for the mass of water vapour diffusing through the porous frost layer:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] O'Neal, 1983, The effects of frost formation on the performance of a parallel plate heat exchanger
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4The increase in Eo with higher face velocity is due to higher Reynolds number, higher airside heat-transfer coefficient, and increased latent energy transfer.
“Similarly, a higher face velocity not only leads to a higher Reynolds number, and hence a higher airside heat-transfer coefficient, but also leads to an increase in latent energy transfer, thereby increasing Eo.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Frost growth · p. 4The greater frost accumulation with higher face velocity is because a larger mass of moisture flows across the coils.
“A higher face velocity translates into a larger mass of moisture flowing across the coils and hence greater frost accumulation, as seen in Figure 3.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Airside pressure drop · p. 5Similar trends have been reported by many previous investigators.
“Similar trends have also been reported by many previous investigators'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Kondepudi, 1987, The effects of frost growth on extended surface heat exchanger performance — A review, ASHRAE Trans
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Model development · p. 3If frost is allowed to grow unabated, it will finally block off the entire heat exchanger.
“If the frost is allowed to grow unabated, it will finally block off the entire heat exchanger.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: As frost forms on the fins and tubes, it blocks off the free flow area, thereby increasing the airside pressure drop across the coil.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4The higher rate of energy transfer with higher fin density is due to larger surface area, more frost accumulation, and higher latent energy transfer.
“A coil with a higher fin density has a higher rate of energy transfer due to larger surface area, more frost accumulation and hence higher latent energy transfer (Figure 6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Energy transfer coefficient · p. 4The faster drop in Eo at higher humidity is due to a greater frost insulation effect, since higher humidity leads to more frost.
“A higher humidity exhibits a slightly faster drop in Eo, ostensibly due to a greater frost insulation effect, since a higher humidity leads to more frost.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Frost formation on heat exchanger surfaces is a common problem in low-temperature applications.
“The formation of frost on heat exchanger surfaces is a common problem in low-temperature applications.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Frost leads to degradation of heat exchanger performance in terms of lower heat transfer and higher pressure drop.
“Frost leads to the degradation of heat exchanger performance in terms of lower heat transfer and higher pressure drop.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point.
“All local heat transfer surface temperatures are below frost point.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.
“There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The problem is quasi-steady-state in nature.
“The problem is assumed to be quasi-steady-state in nature.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The thermal conductivity of frost varies with its density.
“The thermal conductivity of frost varies with its density.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The frost layer is characterized by average properties.
“The frost layer is to be characterized by average properties.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Radiation exchange between the moist air and frost is negligible.
“Radiation exchange between the moist air and frost is negligible.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Part of the water vapour goes to increase the frost density and the rest to increase frost height.
“It is further assumed that part of the water vapour goes to increase the frost density and the rest to increase frost height.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The enthalpy at the tube surface can be approximated by the enthalpy of saturated air at the refrigerant temperature.
“If it is assumed that the enthalpy at the tube surface can be approximated by the enthalpy of saturated air at the refrigerant temperature”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The air at the frost surface is completely saturated.
“It is also reasonable to assume that the air at the frost surface is completely saturated”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is a proportional relationship between the enthalpy and the temperature of the air.
“it was assumed that there is a proportional relationship between the enthalpy and the temperature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As frost forms on the fins and tubes, it blocks off the free flow area, thereby increasing the airside pressure drop across the coil.
“As frost forms on the fins and tubes, it blocks off the free flow area, thereby increasing the airside pressure drop across the coil.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Frost growth changes the actual spacing between fins, thereby reducing the free flow area.
“Since the actual spacing between fins changes with the frost growth, thereby reducing the free flow area, this was incorporated into the model.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Analytical studies for the thermal performance of a heat exchanger dealt with frost formation phenomena too simplistically by either proposing models without robust validations or using correlations for heat transfer coefficients derived for a specific heat exchanger experimentally.
“However, analytical studies for the thermal performance of a heat exchanger [20-23] dealt with the frost formation phenomena too simplistically by either proposing models without robust validations or using correlations for heat transfer coefficients that were derived for a specific heat exchanger experimentally.”
From Modeling for predicting frosting behavior of a fin–tube heat exchanger (2006) · cites this paper as [20]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe main approach in the literature is to develop models based on heat and mass diffusion through the frost layer considered as a porous solid.
“Finally, the main approach is to develop models based on heat and mass diffusion through the frost layer considered as a porous solid (Jones and Parker, 1975; Kondepudi and O'Neal, 1993; Le Gall and Grillot, 1997; Lee et al., 1997; Na and Webb, 2004a).”
From Frosting modeling on a cold flat plate: Comparison of the different assumptions and impacts on frost growth predictions (2016) · cites this paper as Kondepudi and O'Neal, 1993
There are few analytic studies for frosting behavior of real heat exchangers.
“As a result, there are few analytic studies for frosting behavior of real heat exchangers [21-25].”
From Fin spacing optimization of a fin-tube heat exchanger under frosting conditions (2006) · cites this paper as [22]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Uniform frost assumption conflicts with predicted variation along the coil
MinorThe model assumes a homogeneous distribution of frost over the entire coil, but its reported result shows frost height varying along the coil depth.
“There is a homogeneous distribution of frost on the entire heat exchanger coil.”
“There is a 15% drop in frost height along the coil depth after 60 min.”
Cites
Analysis of heat and mass transfer
Eckert, E. R. G., & Drake, R. M. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
HEAT TRANSFER AND FRICTION CORRELATIONS FOR PLATE FINNED-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS HAVING PLAIN FINS
Gray, D. L., & Webb, R. L. (1986) · Proceeding of International Heat Transfer Conference 8 · doi:10.1615/ihtc8.1200 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
(1974) · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Effect of frost growth on the performance of louvered finned tube heat exchangers
Kondepudi, S. N., & O'Neal, D. L. (1989) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/0140-7007(89)90030-3 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationA note on frosting of heat pump evaporator surfaces
Barrow, H. (1985) · Journal of Heat Recovery Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-7593(85)90077-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
(1988) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPerformance of triangular spine fins under frosting conditions
Kondepudi, S. N., & O'Neal, D. L. (1988) · Heat Recovery Systems and CHP · doi:10.1016/0890-4332(88)90036-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kondepudi, 1987, The effects of frost growth on extended surface heat exchanger performance — A review, ASHRAE Trans, 93, 258
- Oskarsson, 1990, Evaporator models for operation with dry, wet and frosted finned surfaces — Parts 1 & 2, ASHRAE Trans, 96, 373
- Senshu, 1990, Heat pump performance under frosting conditions — Part 1 & 2, ASHRAE Trans, 96, 324
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heat transfer enhancement in fin-and-tube heat exchangers – A review on different mechanisms
Sadeghianjahromi, A., & Wang, C.-C. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110470 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Yao, Y., Jiang, Y., Deng, S., & Ma, Z. (2004) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.03.013 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Shao, L.-L., Yang, L., & Zhang, C.-L. (2010) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.021 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Performance of finned tube heat exchangers operating under frosting conditions
Yan, W.-M., Li, H.-Y., Wu, Y.-J., Lin, J.-Y., & Chang, W.-R. (2003) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(02)00346-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Modeling for predicting frosting behavior of a fin–tube heat exchanger
Yang, D.-K., Lee, K.-S., & Song, S. (2006) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.09.022 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Fin spacing optimization of a fin-tube heat exchanger under frosting conditions
Yang, D.-K., Lee, K.-S., & Song, S. (2006) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.01.016 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Influence of Outdoor Air Conditions on the Air Source Heat Pumps Performance
Vocale, P., Morini, G. L., & Spiga, M. (2014) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.070 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Tso, C. P., Cheng, Y. C., & Lai, A. C. K. (2006) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.04.009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A new model for predicting performance of fin-and-tube heat exchanger under frost condition
Cui, J., Li, W. Z., Liu, Y., & Zhao, Y. S. (2011) · International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2010.11.004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cho, H., Kim, Y., & Jang, I. (2004) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2004.11.006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Brèque, F., & Nemer, M. (2016) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.06.010 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Research on frost formation in air source heat pump at cold-moist conditions in central-south China
Gong, G., Tang, J., Lv, D., & Wang, H. (2013) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.08.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Huang, W., Zhang, T., Ji, J., & Xu, N. (2019) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.033 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wei, W., Ni, L., Li, S., Wang, W., Yao, Y., Xu, L., & Yang, Y. (2020) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2020.07.087 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Thermofluid characteristics of frosted finned-tube heat exchangers
Yan, W.-M., Li, H.-Y., & Tsay, Y.-L. (2005) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.02.018 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Transient model of a vertical freezer with door openings and defrost effects
Mastrullo, R., Mauro, A. W., Menna, L., Palma, A., & Vanoli, G. (2014) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.069 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Several researchers have studied the dynamics of frost growth both on simple evaporator geometries [8–12] and on fin-and-tube evaporators [13–24], that can be employed in small and medium scale refrigeration systems.”
BackgroundA semi-experimental method for evaluating frosting performance of air source heat pumps
Pu, J., Shen, C., Zhang, C., & Liu, X.-J. (2021) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.029 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Wei, W., Jin, X., Dong, Q., Ni, L., Zhao, S., Wang, W., & Sun, Y. (2022) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119356 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lenic, K., Trp, A., & Frankovic, B. (2009) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.12.030 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A new method of defrosting evaporator coils
Mader, G., & Thybo, C. (2012) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.01.033 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tso, C.-P., Cheng, Y., & Lai, A. (2006) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2005.09.018 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mechanisms of trace water vapor frosting on a cryogenic surface in nitrogen gas flow
Qi, Y., Zhi, X., Zhang, H., Wang, K., & Qiu, L. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.120898 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kong, X.-Q., Li, J.-Y., Wang, B., & Li, Y. (2020) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.104 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wei, W.-Z., Wang, B.-L., Gu, H., Ni, L., & Yao, Y. (2021) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110731 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Frost behavior on a fin considering the heat conduction of heat exchanger fins
Kim, J.-S., Lee, K.-S., & Yook, S.-J. (2009) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.12.023 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Modeling of a fan-supplied flat-tube heat exchanger exposed to non-uniform frost growth
Breque, F., & Nemer, M. (2017) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.12.012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Dynamic Modeling, Control, and Fault Detection in Vapor Compression Systems
Keir, M. C., & Alleyne, A. G. (2006) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Aljuwayhel, N. F., Reindl, D. T., Klein, S. A., & Nellis, G. (2007) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.04.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Modeling the airside dynamic behavior of a heat exchanger under frosting conditions
Gao, T., & Gong, J. (2011) · Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12206-011-0615-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Westhaeuser, J., Schulze, C., Albrecht, J.-C., Tegethoff, W., Lemke, N., & Koehler, J. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120140 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Inan, C., Newell, T. A., & Eǧrican, A. N. (2000) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
EXPERIMENTALLY VALIDATED MODEL FOR FROSTING OF PLAIN-FIN-ROUND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS
Verma, P., Carlson, D., Wu, Y., Hrnjak, P., & Bullard, C. W. (2002) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tang, J., Herman, Č., & Gong, G. (2020) · Applied Mathematical Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.apm.2020.02.027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mahdavi, M., & Yaghoubi, M. A. (2011) · Heat Transfer-Asian Research · doi:10.1002/htj.20397 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Design Tool for Display Case Heat Exchanger Frosting and Defrosting
Verma, P., Bullard, C. W., & Hrnjak, P. (2002) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Safikhani, H., Esmaeili, F., & Rezvani, S. (2025) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chen, N., Xu, L., Feng, H. D., & Yang, C. G. (2004) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.04.012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Carvajal-Mariscal, I., León-Ruiz, J. E. D., Belman-Flores, J., Martínez-Espinosa, E., & José-Pineda, O. (2023) · Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.3389/fmech.2023.1101425 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, commonly used industrial refrigeration systems tend to favour fin-andtube surfaces (Aljuwayhel et al., 2008; Knabben et al., 2011; Xue et al., 2017); with domestic applications favouring annular or spiral finned tubes (Senshu and Yasuda, 1990; Kondepudi and O’Neal, 1993; Yan et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAidoun, Z., Ouzzane, M., & Bendaou, A. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/19483 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Computationally efficient modeling strategy for evaporator performance under frost conditions
Kim, D., Braun, J. E., & Ramaraj, S. (2018) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.09.004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jin, T., Li, G., & Chun-xia, H. (2011) · IFIP International Federation for Information Processing/IFIP · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18336-2_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Novel Approach to Study the Performance of Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers under Frosting Conditions
Bendaoud, A. L., Ouzzane, M., Aidoun, Z., & Galanis, N. (2011) · Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.36884/jafm.4.03.11929 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dynamic modeling and simulation of frost and defrost conditions for refrigeration systems
Gonzales, L. M. (2015) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Simulation and Validation of Vapor Compression System Faults and Start-up/Shut-down Transients
Ayyagari, B. (2012) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Frosting dynamic model of fin and tube heat exchanger based on R404A refrigerant
Wang, Z., Meng, W., Zhaolin, W., Liu, B., Wudan, H., & Fali, H. (2017) · International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems · doi:10.1109/icamechs.2017.8316481 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analysis of the Heat Transfer Performance of Vapor-Condenser during Vacuum Cooling
Li, G., Jin, T., & Hu, C. (2011) · IFIP International Federation for Information Processing/IFIP · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18333-1_28 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A New Dynamic Heat Exchanger Model with Frosting and Defrosting
Qiao, H., Aute, V., & Radermacher, R. (2014) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Studies of an air cooler under frost condition
Cheng, Y. C. (2019) · doi:10.32657/10356/6557
Calculation of Heat Transfer Coefficient of Wavy Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger of Air Source-Heat Pump
Wang, Y., Li, J. R., & Kong, X. P. (2013) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.703
Calabrese, N., Mastrullo, R. M. A., & Mauro, A. W. (2012) · ENEA Open Archive (National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development)
Simple Method to Improve the Performance of Industrial Evaporators Under Frosting Conditions
Aljuwayhel, N. F., Reindl, D. T., Klein, S. A., & Nellis, G. (2006) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System)
Influence of Macroscopic Heat Flow Constrictions on the Performance of FinlTube Heat Exchangers
McGill, R. O. (1994) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Mohs, W. F., & Kulacki, F. A. (2015) · SpringerBriefs in applied sciences and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20508-3_2
Lolla, V. Y., Zhang, H., Socha, B. Z., Qiao, R., & Boreyko, J. B. (2025) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202501143
- Authors
- Kondepudi, S. N., & O'Neal, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Drexel University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kondepudi, Sekhar N
- Venue
- International Journal of Refrigeration
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 175-180
- ISSN
- 0140-7007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974414770
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Refrigeration (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Keywords
- finned tube heat exchanger, frost formation, frost accumulation, heat transfer performance, humidity effects, fin spacing, analytical performance model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-04.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-04.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
