Walking and Stumbling on the Paths of Heritage-making for Rural Development in the Arica Highlands

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Heritage processes are always driven by social agency.

“In addition to being intrinsically related to socioterritorial and political contexts, heritage processes are always driven by social agency (Quintero-Moron and Sanchez-Carretero 2017).”

• cites Quintero-Moron and Sanchez-Carretero 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4, “Las lógicas de la participación y sus polaridades” (page unavailable), describes heritage processes driven by citizen movements, supporting the role of social agency. But it also describes a prevalent expert-led, nonparticipatory model. The paper therefore does not support the unqualified claim that heritage processes are always driven by social agency if that means community or citizen agency. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

It may state two separate claims as one.

The precordillera is largely abandoned, even though it used to be an important area of settlement during late prehispanic and colonial times, when it was extensively developed for irrigated agriculture and cattle raising.

“The precordillera is also largely abandoned, even though it used to be an important area of settlement during late prehispanic and colonial times, when it was extensively developed for irrigated agriculture and cattle raising (Saintenoy et al 2017).”

• cites Saintenoy et al 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The section on the extent and distribution of the prehispanic territory describes substantial late-prehispanic settlement, agricultural development and pastoral activity in the upper Azapa precordillera (page unavailable). The section on chronological assignment suggests that prehispanic villages were rapidly abandoned during the prehispanic-to-colonial transition; it does not establish that the precordillera is largely abandoned today. The cited passages also do not establish extensive irrigated agriculture and cattle raising during the colonial period. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In the highlands, 90% of visitors to Lauca National Park travel from Arica by means of a daily tour to admire the emblematic volcanoes and lakes of the altiplano landscape.

“In the highlands, 90% of visitors to the Lauca National Park travel from Arica by means of a daily tour to admire the emblematic volcanoes and lakes of the altiplano landscape.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The project was situated between potential lines of conflict, which became evident during the final stage of the project design.

“In addition, Figure 2 shows that the project was situated between potential lines of conflict; this became evident during the final stage of the project design.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The hiking circuit project succeeded in its heritage-based design but did not succeed in its touristic implementation.

“we analyze an interaction of actors involved in the coconstruction of a hiking circuit in northern Chile that succeeded in its heritage-based design but not in its touristic implementation.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Despite being originally set up by an indigenous association to foster cultural revitalization and social development in their home villages, as well as being substantially funded and developed following a participatory action research (PAR) methodology, the project did not succeed in its implementation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The circuit had varied scenery.

“it had varied scenery”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Tourism in the precordillera villages is beginning to develop, despite the absence of equipped attractions.

“Tourism in the precordillera villages is beginning to develop, despite the absence of equipped attractions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In 2013, CWIYPM became involved in a participatory research experience with our program called Altos Arica.

“In 2013, the CWIYPM became involved in a participatory research experience with our program called Altos Arica (led by the Arica-based public research center Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto) (Figure 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The multicircuit format with adjustable itineraries served different tourist profiles and interests.

“the multicircuit format with adjustable itineraries served different tourist profiles and interests”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Arica and Parinacota's identity processes are complex, especially in the highland territories, where the self-declared indigenous population reaches 60%.

“Arica and Parinacota's identity processes are complex, especially in the highland territories, where the self-declared indigenous population reaches 60%.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

This initiative resulted in the formulation of a cultural tourism project called Ayllu Solar, echoing the recent UNESCO inscription of QN.

“This initiative resulted in the formulation of a cultural tourism project called Ayllu Solar, echoing the recent UNESCO inscription of QN.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The research generated misunderstandings, causing social organizations to lose interest.

“The research generated misunderstandings, causing social organizations to lose interest”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This collaboration was successful not only by producing knowledge on the history of the precordillera territories but also by bringing critical and multivocal reflection on the current meanings of archaeological heritage in indigenous territory and its potential for social development.

“This collaboration, based on the principle of mutual feedback between actors on their distinct understandings of heritage, has been successful not only by producing knowledge on the history of the precordillera territories but also by bringing critical and multivocal reflection on the current meanings of archaeological heritage in indigenous territory and its potential for social development (Sain”

• cites Saintenoy T, Aguilera D, et al 2016Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The technical design of the circuit was entrusted to our team because of its archaeological and geographical knowledge of the territory, as well as its social capital with the local communities, especially with CWIYPM.

“The technical design of the circuit was entrusted to our team because of its archaeological and geographical knowledge of the territory, as well as its social capital with the local communities, especially with CWIYPM.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The circuit was associated with a recognized historical route (like the QN).

“it was associated with a recognized historical route (like the QN)”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The two highland regions, the precordillera (3000 masl) and the altiplano (4000 masl), have experienced a massive rural exodus over the last 3 generations.

“The 2 highland regions, the precordillera (3000 masl) and the altiplano (4000 masl), have experienced a massive rural exodus over the last 3 generations.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

A collective of individuals from different villages is claiming affiliation to the pueblo quechua, distinguishing themselves from the pueblo aymara, which they consider a social category mainly related to first- or second-generation Bolivian immigrants settled in the coastal valleys.

“For instance, a collective of individuals from different villages is claiming affiliation to the pueblo quechua, distinguishing themselves from the pueblo aymara, which they consider a social category mainly related to first-or secondgeneration Bolivian immigrants settled in the coastal valleys.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The funding allowed us to set up a multidisciplinary team composed of archaeologists, anthropologists, and biologists, complemented by an architect, a hiking specialist, and a tourism engineer.

“The funding allowed us to set up a multidisciplinary team composed of archaeologists, anthropologists, and biologists, complemented by an architect, a hiking specialist, and a tourism engineer.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Among diverse heritages, the ancient pathways and roads were of special shared interest, mainly because of their quality as a gathering space and a route for participatory research on cultural landscapes.

“Among diverse heritages, the ancient pathways and roads were of special shared interest, mainly because of their quality as a gathering space and a route for participatory research on cultural landscapes (Johnson 2012).”

• cites Johnson 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The circuit was located at the center of the most populated territory in the region, allowing intercultural encounters and living rural heritage to be experienced.

“it was located at the center of the most populated territory in the region, allowing intercultural encounters and living rural heritage to be experienced”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

CWIYPM expressed an interest in the valorization of ancient pathways because of its experience in trailing them as a tool for territorial recognition and cultural revitalization.

“CWIYPM expressed an interest in the valorization of ancient pathways because of its experience in trailing them as a tool for territorial recognition and cultural revitalization.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

A study conducted in 2016 on territoriality and cultural revitalization in the precordillera region, based on 2 indigenous associations, shows intersections of place-based, ethnic, and national identities.

“A study we conducted in 2016 on territoriality and cultural revitalization in the precordillera region, based on 2 indigenous associations, shows some intersections of placebased, ethnic, and national identities.”

• cites Saintenoy T, Astudillo I, et al 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

These workshops gathered representatives of 5 villages who had extensive knowledge of their territory and members of CWIYPM who had excellent knowledge of the region as a whole since trailing for territorial reconnaissance has constituted the main activity of the association since its foundation.

“These workshops gathered representatives of 5 villages who had extensive knowledge of their territory and the members of CWIYPM who had excellent knowledge of the region as a whole since trailing for territorial reconnaissance has constituted the main activity of the association since its foundation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The precordillera communities have experienced a Chilean assimilation process that discriminated against the use of Aymara language and deconstructed most of their family ties with the altiplano of Carangas (Bolivia) and the sierra of Tarata (Peru).

“while the precordillera communities have experienced, as explained earlier, a Chilean assimilation process that discriminated against the use of Aymara language and deconstructed most of their family ties with the altiplano of Carangas (Bolivia) and the sierra of Tarata (Peru).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Other heritage initiatives in the region have been undertaken with marginal funding and are generally limited to recognition and diagnosis of local cultural resources, without concrete heritage planning.

“Other initiatives have been undertaken with marginal funding and are generally limited to recognition and diagnosis of local cultural resources, without concrete heritage planning.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The circuit crossed through distinct vegetation niches of notable biodiversity.

“it crossed through distinct vegetation niches of notable biodiversity”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The research generated misunderstandings, causing isolation of both the tourism engineer and the microentrepreneurs.

“consequently, isolation of both the tourism engineer and the microentrepreneurs.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Today, 98% of the population (approximately 220,000 inhabitants) live in the coastal city of Arica, and the coastal valleys constitute the main production zone.

“Today, 98% of the population (approximately 220,000 inhabitants) live in the coastal city of Arica, and the coastal valleys constitute the main production zone (because of the transfer of water from the altiplano).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The circuit's central and interconnected situation offered potential scaling through the integration of new paths associated with other villages within the region.

“its central and interconnected situation offered potential scaling of the circuit through the integration of new paths associated with other villages within the region”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The project was substantially funded and developed following a participatory action research (PAR) methodology.

“Despite being originally set up by an indigenous association to foster cultural revitalization and social development in their home villages, as well as being substantially funded and developed following a participatory action research (PAR) methodology, the project did not succeed in its implementation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The Catholic Church supported the ecclesiastical architecture restoration program because it was interested in consolidating its hegemony against other religions.

“It was supported by the Catholic Church, which is interested in consolidating its hegemony against other religions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

More specifics of local heritage entities may be more meaningful to local actors.

“The global concept is principally a top-down instrument, while more specifics of local heritage entities may be more meaningful to local actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

There is a need to further develop Latin American regulations on heritage.

“In relation to the potential of the Cultural Route category as an instrument for rural development in the Andean highlands, what we have learned relates to 3 main insights: (1) the risk of confusion between cultural revitalization and cultural tourism; (2) the difficulty of applying the concept of cultural routes because of the heterogeneous nature of this heritage construct; and (3) the need to f”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The hiking-circuit project studied in this paper is the product of this complex socioterritorial context.

“Thus, the hikingcircuit project that we study in this paper is the product of this complex socioterritorial context, while its implementation could have been one of the first tourist attractions of the region.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

After social validation during a workshop with representatives of the 3 villages' social organizations, the proposed circuit was surveyed by a team of archaeologists and ecologists to produce a detailed impact assessment for justifying its implementation to public agencies managing cultural and environmental resources.

“After its social validation during a workshop with representatives of the 3 villages' social organizations, the proposed circuit was surveyed by a team of archaeologists and ecologists to produce a detailed impact assessment for justifying its implementation to public agencies managing cultural and environmental resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Latin American countries, individually and collectively, lack documents and regulations of reference for cultural heritage management and territorial development.

“Latin American countries, individually and collectively, lack documents and regulations of reference for cultural heritage management and territorial development.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The main funding for the project was granted by a multinational mining group, which weakened its possibilities from an early stage.

“First, the main funding for the project was granted by a multinational mining group, which weakened its possibilities from an early stage (Romero 2017).”

• cites Romero 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The cultural route is a complex heritage construct because of its heterogeneity and because its implementation implies potential divergences and conflicts among different local actors, their communities, their heritages, and their interests.

“Finally, the cultural route is a complex heritage construct, not only because of its heterogeneity but also because its implementation implies potential divergences and conflicts among different local actors, their communities, their”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The Cultural Route category presents a difficult arrangement to set up from a sociopolitical perspective because it integrates different socioterritorial realities and actors under a common heritage complex.

“Because it integrates different socioterritorial realities and actors under a common heritage complex, it also presents a difficult arrangement to set up from a sociopolitical perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The global concept of a cultural route is principally a top-down instrument.

“The global concept is principally a top-down instrument, while more specifics of local heritage entities may be more meaningful to local actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Because heritage has become a central object in public policies, participation has become essential for heritage-making, and interactions among stakeholders have become more complex.

“Because heritage has become a central object in public policies, participation has become essential for heritage-making, and interactions among stakeholders have become more complex (Juh e-Beaulaton and Girault 2016; Sanchez-Carretero 2019).”

• cites Juh e-Beaulaton and Girault 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sanchez-Carretero 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

The cultural route's philosophy of union of diversity requires continuous encouragement of interculturality and fostering of the concept of common goods during the heritagization process.

“Therefore, the cultural route's philosophy of union of diversity requires continuous encouragement of interculturality and fostering of the concept of common goods during the heritagization process (Herzfeld 2017).”

• cites Herzfeld 2017 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

CWIYPM is an indigenous cultural association, active since 2008, that seeks to contribute to the cultural revitalization of precordillera territories.

“Chacha Warmi Imillas y Yuqallas Precordillera Marka (CWIYPM) is an indigenous cultural association, active since 2008, that seeks to contribute to the cultural revitalization of precordillera territories.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Cultural tourism shares the purpose of pedagogical use of local heritage but does so for mercantilist purposes, which require valorization planning to increase visibility and communicate an objectified meaning of heritage to outsiders.

“Cultural tourism shares the purpose of pedagogical use of local heritage but does so for mercantilist purposes, which require valorization planning to increase visibility and communicate an objectified meaning of heritage to outsiders (Severo 2018).”

• cites Severo 2018 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim.

The socioterritorial context of the Altos de Arica poses two basic challenges for tourism development.

“As explained earlier, the socioterritorial context of the Altos de Arica poses 2 basic challenges for tourism development.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The ecclesiastical architecture restoration program was carried out in response to popular attachment to Christian monuments as ceremonial stages for the reproduction of communities and their local identities.

“This program has been carried out in response to popular attachment to Christian monuments as ceremonial stages for the reproduction of communities and their local identities.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

An ethical charter for hikers was prepared based on existing charters of French and Spanish hiking federations but taking into account more heritage-specific aspects related to principles of interculturality in indigenous territory and the protection of archaeological remains and biodiversity.

“Finally, an ethical charter for hikers was prepared based on the existing charters of French and Spanish hiking federations but taking into account more heritage-specific aspects related to principles of interculturality in indigenous territory and the protection of both archaeological remains and biodiversity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

A cultural route's heritage meanings are simultaneously related to a global concept of a historical route and founded on local scenarios.

“A cultural route is fundamentally a multiscale and relational construct (that combines different sites, landscapes, and traditions), whose heritage meanings are simultaneously related to a global concept of a historical route and founded on local scenarios.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

It may be as difficult to find common ground between local communities as it is to make agreements between states.

“As we discuss in this article, it may be as difficult to find common ground between local communities as it is to make agreements between states.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Heritagization offers the opportunity to constitute a field of action for the emancipation of historically subaltern groups and territories, beyond being a mere model for identifying, classifying, and managing cultural goods.

“Heritagization, beyond being a mere model for identifying, classifying, and managing cultural goods, also offers the opportunity to constitute a field of action for the emancipation of historically subaltern groups and territories.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Such approaches constitute a historical break by ruling out socioterritorial entanglements of the traditional multizonal vertical ecology and settlement system and limit integration among villages.

“Such approaches constitute a historical break by ruling out socioterritorial entanglements of the traditional multizonal vertical ecology and settlement system and limit integration among villages (Giraut 2013(Giraut , 2017)).”

• cites Giraut 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites Giraut 2017Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The intensity of these interactions has varied throughout history, with different phases of socioterritorial integration and segregation according to political situations and climatic conditions.

“The intensity of these interactions has varied throughout history, with different phases of socioterritorial integration and segregation according to political situations and climatic conditions (Saintenoy et al 2019).”

• cites Saintenoy et al 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The infrastructure architecture (mainly signage and resting areas) was designed based on memories of hiking in the recent past and visiting archaeological remains in the region.

“This figure also illustrates the infrastructure architecture (mainly signage and resting areas) that were designed based on memories of hiking in the recent past and visiting archaeological remains in the region.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

A cultural route is fundamentally a multiscale and relational construct that combines different sites, landscapes, and traditions.

“A cultural route is fundamentally a multiscale and relational construct (that combines different sites, landscapes, and traditions), whose heritage meanings are simultaneously related to a global concept of a historical route and founded on local scenarios.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Existing literature shows that creating a heritage-based hiking circuit is usually challenging in terms of interactions among stakeholders and that the involvement of local communities is a crucial issue.

“Although the creation of a heritage-based hiking circuit might seem trivial from a sociopolitical point of view, the existing literature shows that this task is usually challenging in terms of interactions among stakeholders and that the involvement of local communities is a crucial issue (Timothy and Boyd 2014;Berti et al 2015).”

• cites Timothy and Boyd 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Berti et al 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Cultural revitalization has a fundamentally social purpose: it seeks to strengthen human communities through the enhancement of collective memory about a shared cultural heritage, partly materialized by the territory and its representation (the landscape).

“Cultural revitalization has a fundamentally social purpose: it seeks to strengthen human communities through the enhancement of collective memory about a shared cultural heritage, partly materialized by the territory and its representation (the landscape).”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Heritage-making for development relies on two fundamentals: a purpose related to a social change and a process involving the interplay of actors.

“A basic learning methodological construct is that heritage-making for development relies on 2 fundamentals: a purpose related to a social change and a process involving the interplay of actors.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

From a tourism economy point of view, Arica and Parinacota is a marginal destination in the Andean region.

“From a tourism economy point of view, Arica and Parinacota is a marginal destination in the Andean region.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The implementation of the hiking-circuit project could have been one of the first tourist attractions of the region.

“Thus, the hikingcircuit project that we study in this paper is the product of this complex socioterritorial context, while its implementation could have been one of the first tourist attractions of the region.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the study area (northern Chile), the socioterritorial context is principally characterized by multizonal ecology, borderland dynamics, and indigenous politics.

“In our study area (northern Chile), this context is principally characterized by multizonal ecology, borderland dynamics, and indigenous politics.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The technical proposal for the implementation of the hiking circuit was based on data from workshops.

“The technical proposal for the implementation of the circuit was based on data from workshops.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Although consensus is ideal, it may not need to be mandatory in the heritage-making process.

“Finally, conflict is often inherent to the process, and although consensus is ideal, it may not need to be mandatory (Gonz ález-Ruibal et al 2018).”

• cites González-Ruibal et al 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Heritagization's potential has raised expectations about promoting cultural tourism in the region.

“Therefore, heritagization's potential has raised expectations about promoting cultural tourism in the region.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The integration of different villages and their communities under a cultural route framework was a top-down proposal that required diplomacy and intercultural skills at all scales, despite having been formulated by a local-roots indigenous association.

“Likewise, despite having been formulated by a local-roots indigenous association, the integration of different villages and their communities under a cultural route framework was still a top-down proposal that required diplomacy and intercultural skills at all scales.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Cultural Route category is a complex and heterogeneous heritage construct that combines sites, landscapes, and traditions often related to a common concept of a historic route.

“Because of its heterogeneity, the Cultural Route category is a complex heritage construct that combines sites, landscapes, and traditions often related to a common concept of a historic route (eg Saint James Path or the Silk Road).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

This risk is clearly identified in the Florence Convention on landscape and sustainable development and in the ICOMOS Charter on Cultural Routes.

“This risk is clearly identified in the Florence Convention on landscape and sustainable development (Conseil de l'Europe 2006) and in the ICOMOS Charter on Cultural Routes (2008).”

• cites Conseil de l'Europe 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites ICOMOS Charter on Cultural Routes (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.