The DOI matches its Crossref record; 120 of the 120 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: immune function and autoimmunity
Open accessAbstract
GnRH and sex steroids play an important role in immune system modulation and development. GnRH and the GnRH receptor are produced locally by immune cells, suggesting an autocrine role for GnRH. Experimental studies show a stimulatory action of exogenous GnRH on the immune response. The immune actions of GnRH in vivo are, however, less well established. Oestrogen and androgen receptors are expressed in primary lymphoid organs and peripheral immune cells. Experimental data have established that oestrogens enhance the humoral immune response and may have an activating role in autoimmune disorders. Testosterone enhances suppressor T cell activity. Although there are some clinical studies consistent with these findings, the impact of sex steroids in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and the risk or benefits of their usage in normal and autoimmune-disordered patients remain to be elucidated. There are neither experimental nor clinical data evaluating functional GnRH-sex steroid interactions within the human immune system, and there is a paucity of data relating to GnRH analogues, hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptive and androgen action in autoimmune diseases. However, a growing body of experimental evidence suggests that an extra-pituitary GnRH immune mechanism plays a role in the programming of the immune system. The implications of these findings in understanding immune function are discussed.
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Schiller, M., Ben-Shaanan, T. L., & Rolls, A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0387-1 · Cited by 264
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Lee, S., Kim, J., Jang, B., Hur, S., Jung, U., Kil, K., Na, B., Lee, M., Choi, Y., Fukui, A., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0904192 · Cited by 130
Corrales, J. J., Almeida, M., Burgo, R., Mories, M. T., Miralles, J. M., & Orfao, A. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.1.06779 · Cited by 110
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tanriverdi, F., Silveira, L., MacColl, G., & Bouloux, P.
- Venue
- Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Bioscientifica
- Published
- 2003-03-01
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 293-304
- ISSN
- 0022-0795 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-6805
- OpenAlex
- W2149223536
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 120
- FWCI
- 13.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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