Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap

Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998

Piketty, T., & Saez, E. (2003) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/00335530360535135 · Cited by 3,769 · see citing works

Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data *

Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2016) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjw004 · Cited by 1,577 · see citing works

Income and Wealth Inequality in America, 1949–2016

Kuhn, M., Schularick, M. H., & Steins, U. I. (2020) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/708815 · Cited by 488 · see citing works

Black-White Differences in Wealth and Asset Composition

Blau, F. D., & Graham, J. A. (1990) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2937789 · Cited by 401 · see citing works

Deciphering the Fall and Rise in the Net Capital Share: Accumulation or Scarcity?

Rognlie, M. (2016) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2016.0002 · Cited by 390 · see citing works

Accounting for the Black–White Wealth Gap: A Nonparametric Approach

Barsky, R., Bound, J., Charles, K. K., & Lupton, J. P. (2002) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214502388618401 · Cited by 374 · see citing works

Heterogeneity and Persistence in Returns to Wealth

Fagereng, A., Guiso, L., Malacrino, D., & Pistaferri, L. (2020) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta14835 · Cited by 373 · see citing works

Disparities in Wealth by Race and Ethnicity in the 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances

Bhutta, N., Chang, A. C., Dettling, L. J., & Hsu, J. W. (2020) · FEDS Notes · doi:10.17016/2380-7172.2797 · Cited by 327 · see citing works

Measuring Income and Wealth at the Top Using Administrative and Survey Data

Bricker, J., Henriques, A. M., Krimmel, J., & Sabelhaus, J. E. (2016) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2016.0016 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

Recent Trends in Wealth-Holding by Race and Ethnicity: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances

Dettling, L. J., Hsu, J. W., Jacobs, L., Moore, K. B., & Thompson, J. P. (2017) · FEDS Notes · doi:10.17016/2380-7172.2083 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

The Role of Permanent Income and Demographics in Black/White Differences in Wealth

Altonji, J. G., & Doraszelski, U. (2001) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w8473 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

How Does Intergenerational Wealth Transmission Affect Wealth Concentration?

Feiveson, L., & Sabelhaus, J. E. (2018) · FEDS Notes · doi:10.17016/2380-7172.2209 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Accounting for Racial Wealth Disparities in the United States

Thompson, J. K., & Suárez, G. (2019) · Working paper series · doi:10.29412/res.wp.2019.13 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Inequality in the Time of COVID-19: Evidence from Mortgage Delinquency and Forbearance

An, X., Cordell, L., Geng, L., & Lee, K. (2021) · Working paper · doi:10.21799/frbp.wp.2021.09 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Wealth and Income Concentration in the SCF: 1989–2019

Bricker, J., Goodman, S. F., Moore, K. B., & Volz, A. H. (2020) · FEDS Notes · doi:10.17016/2380-7172.2795 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Handbook of the consumer chapter

Haughwout, A. F., Lee, D., Scally, J. W., Thomas, L., & van der Klaauw, W. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813524-2.00002-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

A Wealthless Recovery? Asset Ownership and the Uneven Recovery from the Great Recession

Dettling, L. J., Hsu, J. W., & Llanes, E. (2018) · FEDS Notes · doi:10.17016/2380-7172.2249 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Racial Disparities in Housing ReturnsPreprint

Kermani, A., & Wong, F. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3846569 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Overview of Social Determinants of Health in the Development of Diabetes

Hill‐Briggs, F., & Fitzpatrick, S. L. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci23-0001 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

The psychology of precarity: A critical framework.

Blustein, D. L., Grzanka, P. R., Gordon, M., Smith, C. M., & Allan, B. A. (2024) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0001361 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Addressing Structural Racism Through Public Policy Advocacy: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association

Albert, M. A., Churchwell, K., Desai, N. R., Johnson, J. C., Johnson, M. N., Khera, A., Mieres, J. H., Rodríguez, F., Velarde, G., Williams, D. R., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001203 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Disparities and social determinants of periodontal diseases

Albandar, J. M. (2024) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12547 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Socioeconomic disparities in immunotherapy use among advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients: analysis of the National Cancer Database

Gupta, A., Omeogu, C., Islam, J. Y., Joshi, A. R., Zhang, D., Braithwaite, D., Karanth, S. D., Tailor, T. D., Clarke, J. M., & Akinyemiju, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35216-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Access and Racial Disparities in Food Insecurity

Samuel, L. J., Crews, D. C., Swenor, B. K., Zhu, J., Stuart, E. A., Szanton, S. L., Kim, B., Dwivedi, P., Li, Q., Reed, N. S., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.20196 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Income, wealth, and Black-White disparities in cognition

Glei, D. A., Lee, C., & Weinstein, M. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115298 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Greater Wealth, Greater Uncertainty: Changes in Racial Inequality in the Survey of Consumer Finances

Aladangady, A., Chang, A. C., & Krimmel, J. (2023) · FEDS Notes · doi:10.17016/2380-7172.3405 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

State insurance mandates and racial and ethnic inequities in assisted reproductive technology utilization

Korkidakis, A., Desantis, C. E., Kissin, D. M., Hacker, M. R., Koniares, K. G., Yartel, A. K., Adashi, E. Y., & Penzias, A. S. (2023) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.09.015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Racial and ethnic socioenvironmental inequity and neuroimaging in psychiatry: a brief review of the past and recommendations for the future

Harnett, N. G., Merrill, L. C., & Fani, N. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01901-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The Prevalence of Hardship by Race and Ethnicity in the USA, 1992–2019

Iceland, J., & Sakamoto, A. (2022) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-022-09733-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Simplifying Complex Disclosures: Evidence from Disclosure Regulation in the Mortgage Markets

Kielty, P., Wang, K. P., & Weng, D. (2020) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/tar-2021-0269 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

An integrative theory of resource discrepancies

Cannon, C., Goldsmith, K., & Roux, C. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1406 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Investigating Racial Disparities in Cancer Crowdfunding: A Comprehensive Study of Medical GoFundMe Campaigns

Zhang, X., Wang, J., Lane, J. M., Xu, X., & Sörensen, S. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/51089 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Building an ethnically and racially diverse neurology workforce

Hamilton, R. H. (2024) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00941-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Intersectional Male-Centric and White-Centric Biases in Collective Concepts

Bailey, A. H., Williams, A., Poddar, A., & Cimpian, A. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241232114 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Health Disparities in Obesity Treatment Outcomes, Access, and Utilization

Ross, K. M., Worwag, K. E., Swanson, T. N., Shetty, A., & Barrett, K. L. (2025) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-025-00639-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Out-of-Pocket Spending for Maternity Care

Gourevitch, R. A., Cohen, J. L., Shakley, T., Orona, K. C., Park, S. M., Landrum, M. B., Rosenthal, M. B., Friedberg, M. W., & Sinaiko, A. D. (2025) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.5565 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Racial/ethnic wealth gaps and material hardship disparities among U.S. households with young children: An investigation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Liu, S., Lombardi, J., Dutta-Gupta, I., & Fisher, P. A. (2024) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.12.013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Gender and race-related disparities in the management of ventricular arrhythmias

Yoder, M., Dils, A., Chakrabarti, A. K., Driesenga, S., Alaka, A. A., Ghannam, M., Bogun, F. M., & Liang, J. J. (2023) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2023.10.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Work as a social determinant of maternal health: A qualitative exploration of college-educated Black women’s experiences at work during pregnancy and postpartum

Omowale, S. S., Mangum, L. C., Joseph, A., Cottrell‐Daniels, C., Farris, K. A., King, R., & Slatton, B. C. (2024) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057241304842 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The influence of walking accessibility on station-to-station passenger flow and its interaction with metropolitan race/class segregation: A case study of MARTA’s heavy-rail network, Atlanta (USA)

Ramos-Santiago, L. E., & Derochers, L. (2025) · Journal of Public Transportation · doi:10.1016/j.jpubtr.2024.100115 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Changes in actigraphy-assessed sleep from childhood to adolescence: The role of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage

Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., Zeringue, M. M., Saini, E. K., Sultana, S., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2025) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2025.04.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Overcoming Compound Racial Inequity: Policies and Costs for Closing the Black-White Wealth Gap

Welburn, J., de Lima, P. N., Kumar, K. B., Osoba, O., & Lamb, J. (2022) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rra1259-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Achieving Equity in Child and Adolescent Mental Health by Addressing Racism Through Prevention Science

Goodrum, N. M., Cooper, D. K., Edmunds, S. R., Wippold, G. M., Bradshaw, J. L., Nguyen, J. K., Milburn, N. G., & Are, F. G. (2023) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-023-00104-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Medical-financial partnerships for improving financial and medical outcomes for lower-income Americans: A systematic review

Birkenmaier, J. M., Maynard, B. R., Blumhagen, H. M., & Shanks, H. (2024) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.70008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Parent-Child Conversations About Inequality: Perpetuating or Disrupting an Inequitable Status Quo

McLean, K. C., Raihl, L. F., LaFever, B., Park, A., Williams, Q. M., & Gonzalez, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584251322693 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Improving the Financial Security of Workers of Color through Employee Financial Wellness Programs

Kalamarides, J. J. (2025) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198939030.003.0014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Greater wealth, greater uncertainty: Changes in racial inequality in the Survey of Consumer Finances

Aladangady, A., Chang, A. C., & Krimmel, J. (2024) · The Journal of Economic Inequality · doi:10.1007/s10888-024-09639-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Asking Evolving Questions to Decenter Whiteness in the Dance Studio

Arena, R. K. (2022) · Dance Education in Practice · doi:10.1080/23734833.2022.2123179 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

White Identity, Conservatism, and Resistance to COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies

Grindal, M., Huft, J., & Sarathchandra, D. (2025) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth5010019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Associations Between Moderately Severe to Severe Depression and Marijuana Usage Among Black Male Collegians: Results from the Healthy Minds Study

Richardson, T. T., Cain, D. S., & Cheatham, L. P. (2025) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2025.2475035 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Race and Economic Well-Being in the United States

Brouillette, J.-F., Jones, C. I., & Klenow, P. J. (2025) · American Economic Review Insights · doi:10.1257/aeri.20240467 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Role of Structural Racism for Inequality in Family Poverty: Why Context Matters

Baker, R. (2023) · National symposium on family issues · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44115-8_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Subjective religiosity and mental health service utilization: a descriptive study of the help-seeking attitudes and behaviors of students attending an HBCU

Livingston, V., Benjamin, T., Freeman, J., Goode, C., Jones, Y., & Salgado, W. (2024) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2024.2315271 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Exploring Critical Predictors of Math and Science Achievement for High Achieving Students in TIMSS Data: Application of Elastic-Net Logistic Regression

Ozen, Z., Pereira, N., & Bright, S. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.1177/1932202x251356325 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

PROTOCOL: Medical-financial partnerships for improving financial and health outcomes for lower-income Americans: A systematic review

Birkenmaier, J. M., Maynard, B. R., Shanks, H., & Blumhagen, H. M. (2023) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1364 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Wealth, Race, and Under-Addressed Financial Need in Federal Student Aid Policy

Smith, C. M., Hamilton, L. T., & Eaton, C. (2025) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-025-09851-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Are Contemporary Interventions Effectively Lowering Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening in African Americans?

Seyoum, A., BSN, OkunjiPh.D., R. P., APRN, & FNP-BC (2023) · Journal of Community Medicine & Public Health · doi:10.29011/2577-2228.100330 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A social prospect theory of intergroup relations explains the occurrence of incremental progressive social change

Cropley, I., & Jost, J. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2024.1344499 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Button Battery Ingestion: Exploring Socioeconomic Risk Factors

Eyring, J. B., Hemeyer, B. M., Walker, S., Allen, W. P., Liang, S., Stewart, C., Meier, J. D., & Padia, R. (2025) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/ohn.1206 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

“Pathways” to Financial Well‐Being: The Role of Perceptions of Economic Mobility, Trait Hope, and Financial Capability for Minority and Low‐Income Consumers

Gilbert, J. R., Sheinin, D. A., Xiao, J. J., & Wen, B. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.70020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Historical Harms and Racial Wealth Inequality: Evidence from Homeownership and Retirement Savings Accounts

Zheng, H., Huang, J. X., & Sherraden, M. W. (2025) · Journal of Economics Race and Policy · doi:10.1007/s41996-025-00180-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Antiracist Policy Analysis: A Scoping Review to Inform Social Work Education and Practice

Seelman, K. L., Steinberg, S., Konata, L. L., Dillard, K., Roth, K., Billings, G., & Beck, E. (2026) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2025.2599836 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Towards design reparations: remedying urban morphologies through policy reform in Harlem, New York

Rickenbacker, S. L. (2024) · Architecture_MPS · doi:10.14324/111.444.amps.2024v28i1.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Barriers to Building Wealth Among Black High-Income Earners

Adams-Fuller, T., Afework, B., Browne, N., Cole-Smith, B., Green, R., Kurban, H., Mosquera, D., Starman, T., Swinton, O. H., & Viceisza, A. (2025) · The Review of Black Political Economy · doi:10.1177/00346446251331616 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Sociodemographic Disparities in Positive Life Experiences

Podber, N., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00870-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Exploring Intergenerational Wealth Transfer Dynamics with Agent-Based Models

Osoba, O., Welburn, J., Lamb, J., de Lima, P. N., & Kumar, K. B. (2023) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/wra1259-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Intersectional Male-Centric and White-Centric Biases in Collective ConceptsPreprint

Bailey, A. H., Williams, A., Poddar, A., & Cimpian, A. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/72pg5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Overcoming Systemic Racism in Health Professions Advising

Cruz, A. (2022) · Advances in medical education, research, and ethics (AMERE) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5969-0.ch014

Whiteness Interrupted: White Teachers and Racial Identity in Predominantly Black Schools

Thomas, J. M. (2023) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/00943061231155321d

Consulting the CDC and TikTok: asynchronous modes of joint media engagement for COVID-19 learning in families

Pozos, R. K. (2023) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439884.2023.2235279

Building Successful Black-Owned Businesses: How Black Entrepreneurs and White Consumers Can Help Close the Racial Wealth Gap in America

Stovall, H. J. (2023) · Open Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2023.116169

Education in a Time of Need: A Story of Community

Jamil, F. M., & Siddiqi, J. E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43237-8_5

The libertarian argument for reparations

Reiff, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Social Philosophy · doi:10.1111/josp.12555

Leben auf Kredit

Krämer, F. (2024) · Campus Verlag eBooks · doi:10.12907/978-3-593-45494-8

REFERENCES

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Bias of responses to white and black dance companies and their dancers on Instagram

Huttegger, H. G., Scott, S. B., Ryan, S. E., Brunett, K. M., & Sia, T. L. (2024) · Research in Dance Education · doi:10.1080/14647893.2024.2411208

Association between Local Food Policy Council Coverage and Longitudinal Household Food Insufficiency During COVID-19, Stratified by Race, Ethnicity, and IncomePreprint

Calancie, L., Pan, Y., Bassarab, K., Stowers, K. C., Palmer, A., & Eliasziw, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5058453

Status Threat, Political Competition, and the Expansion of Voter Identification Laws in the United States

Bromo, F. (2025) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.70048

Digital Banking and the Future of Financial Accessibility: Opportunities and Challenges

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The Injustice of Inequalities in Wealth and Income

Robison, W. L. (2025) · AMINTAPHIL · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93783-5_2

“Without Critical Consciousness, How Could you Move on?” Qualitative Assessments of an Intervention to Reduce Substance Use Among Formerly Incarcerated Men

Benoit, E., Khan, M. S., McBride, L., Watkins, D. N., Windsor, L. C., & The NJ Critical Consciousness Collaborative Board (2025) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/00914509251366621

A Qualitative Exploration of Primary Care Clinicians’ Perceptions of Hypertensive Black Patients

Okah, E. D., Logan, E. L., James, D., & Pratt, R. J. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02689-y

Nozick and the invisible hand of racial injustice

Meadowcroft, J. (2026) · Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy · doi:10.1080/13698230.2026.2630584

Association between local food policy council coverage and longitudinal household food insufficiency during COVID-19, stratified by race, ethnicity, and income

Calancie, L., Pan, Y., Bassarab, K., Stowers, K. C., Palmer, A., & Eliasziw, M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345654

Intersectional and historical contingencies in racial capitalism: credit scores and predatory inclusion in American political economy

Wise, T. (2026) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2026.2658795

A Look at Benefits Planning Services for Vocational Rehabilitation Clients Who Get Public Benefits

Kellar‐Guenther, Y., Pike, P., Smyth, H. L., & Phillips, W. (2026) · Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10522263261449219

Thermodynamic Description of Wealth Inequality in the World

Frahm, K. M., Ermann, L., & Shepelyansky, D. L. (2026) · Complexities · doi:10.3390/complexities2030020

Neighborhood Change and Racial Disparities in Mortgage Lending: Evidence from HMDA Data

Lester, T. W., & Wilson, M. D. (2026) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x261474861

Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Household Wealth PersistPreprint

Lahey, B., Chakrabarti, R., & Emanuel, N. (2024) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

Growing Farther Apart: Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Household Wealth Across the Distribution

Maroto, M. (2016) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v3.a34 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Updating the Racial Wealth Gap

Thompson, J. P., & Suárez, G. (2017) · Finance and Economics Discussion Series · doi:10.17016/feds.2015.076r1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Accounting for Racial Wealth Disparities in the United States

Thompson, J. K., & Suárez, G. (2019) · Working paper series · doi:10.29412/res.wp.2019.13 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs Between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics

Taylor, P., Kochhar, R., & Fry, R. (2011) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 85 · see citing works