Buddhist Meditation and the Ethics of Human Augmentation

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nootropics, or smart drugs, are supplements intended to enhance brain function and offer another possible way to augment mental capacities and meditation.

“Nootropics, formerly known as”

• cites Wexler 2017 sourcePartly supported

  In “Brain enhancement in the digital age: neurohackers” (page unavailable), Wexler describes nootropics as smart drugs and dietary supplements that supposedly improve intelligence or cognitive ability. The passage supports their intended cognitive use, but not a benefit for meditation; it also describes a claimed effect, not an established one. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Therapeutic intervention aims to reduce or eliminate harms and restore lost mental and physical capacities, while enhancement aims to extend or add to those capacities, producing extraordinary knowledge and action.

“The first type of technological intervention seeks the reduction or elimination of various types of harms and the restoration of absent or lost mental and physical capacities; the second aims at the extension of, or addition to, mental and physical capacities, thereby producing extraordinary modes of knowledge and action (Gert and Culver 2015, 360).”

• cites Gert and Culver 2015Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Transhumanism and posthumanism are often millenarian and utopian, viewing human augmentation and transformation as inevitable and as the culmination of the human project.

“Transhumanism and posthumanism are often millenarian and utopian in their orientation; both view human augmentation and transformation as inevitable, if not as a good in themselves, and as the culmination of the”

• cites Hook 2004Not checked — no full text of the source

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Critics see transhuman and posthuman projects as potentially repeating modernity's faults, especially social and environmental injustice, leading to greater resource disparity and oppression.

“Critics, on the other hand, view the transhuman and posthuman projects as potentially reinscribing the faults of modernity, especially social and environmental injustice, on the future, lending toward even greater resource disparity and oppression (Häggström 2016, 48; MacCormack 2016).”

• cites Häggström 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites MacCormack 2016Not matched

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Technologies of self-transformation, or contemplative technologies, fall under the broader category of human augmentation technologies.

“Such technologies of self-transformation, or”

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Therapy is usually seen as less morally complicated than enhancement, though there is considerable debate about whether the therapy-enhancement distinction is coherent.

“Therapy is typically viewed as the less morally complicated of the two modes of intervention, though there is considerable debate over whether the distinction between therapy and enhancement is a coherent one (Gert and Culver 2015, 361).”

• cites Gert and Culver 2015Not matched

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Some scholars and activists advocate a technoprogressivism that mediates between technophilia and technophobia and treats social and environmental justice as essential to any transhumanist vision.

“Some scholars and activists have called for a”

• cites Carrico 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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Conservative positions on human augmentation have been expressed through religious critiques of human hubris and through secular philosophical and environmental critiques focused on unintended consequences of technology.

“Conservative, or”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The philosophy and practice of Buddhist meditation offers a model for how Buddhist thought and ethics could engage with the problems raised by enhancing human capacities.

“This paper will argue that the philosophy and practice of Buddhist meditation (Skt.dhyāna) or meditative cultivation (bhāvanā) provides a paradigm for understanding how Buddhist philosophy and ethics might address issues raised by the augmentation of human capacities.”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged

  “This paper will argue that the philosophy and practice of Buddhist meditation (Sanskrit dhyāna) or meditative cultivation (bhāvanā) provides a paradigm for understanding how Buddhist philosophy and ethics might address issues raised by the augmentation of human capacities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Interpreters of this technological sphere often distinguish two primary modes of intervention: therapy and enhancement.

“Interpreters of this technological sphere often differentiate between two primary modes of such intervention: therapy and enhancement (Gert and Culver 2015).”

• cites Gert and Culver 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

Emergent philosophical and religious ideas of the transhuman and posthuman can be compared, critiqued, and reinterpreted through Buddhist philosophy and cosmology, especially regarding the fluid human-divine boundary and the radical change of the awakened Noble Person.

“It will also demonstrate how emergent philosophical and religious conceptions of the Transhuman and Posthuman can be compared, critiqued, and re-interpreted in light of Buddhist philosophy and cosmology, both with respect to Buddhist notions of the fluidity of the human-divine boundary and the radical transformation of the awakened Noble Person (āryapudgala).”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted

  “It will also demonstrate how emergent philosophical and religious conceptions of the transhuman and posthuman can be compared, critiqued, and re-interpreted in light of Buddhist philosophy and cosmology, with respect to both Buddhist notions of the fluidity of the human-divine boundary and the radical transformation of the awakened Noble Person (āryapudgala).”

May combine two claims.

Buddhism has a distinct set of principles that sets it apart from other religions, including rejecting metaphysical absolutism, an ultimate creator god, and a substantive self.

“Buddhism provides a distinct set of principles that position it quite differently than other religious traditions-particularly the Abrahamic family of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam-including a rejection of metaphysical absolutism and the notions of an”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Meditation on the breath is said to counter over-rumination, and meditation on loving-kindness counters anger and hatred.

“Meditation on the breath, for example, is said to counter the affliction of over-rumination, and meditation on loving-kindness (maitrī) counters anger and hatred (Gunaratana 1985, 22-26).”

• cites Gunaratana 1985Not matched

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In Indian Theravāda commentarial traditions, vipaśyanā is represented by the development of the Foundations of Mindfulness, including body, feelings, mind, and principles.

“Vipaśyanā is represented in Indian Theravāda Buddhist commentarial traditions by the development of the Foundations of Mindfulness (smṛtyupasthāna), including body (kāya), feelings (vedanā), mind (citta), and principles (dharma).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Vedic tradition appears to have used tapas extensively, especially fasting, breath control, and celibacy, praising them as purifying and empowering.

“Lastly, the Vedic tradition appears to have utilized the practice of tapas (asceticism, literally”

• cites Kaelber 1989Not matched

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Buddhism and modern science largely agree that human nature is impermanent.

“Buddhism and contemporary science are largely at parity in viewing human nature as an impermanent phenomenon.”

May combine two claims.

Ordinary people remain at the mercy of their compositional construction, while Noble Persons become increasingly free of affliction, compositional factors, suffering, and cyclic existence.

“Whereas ordinary persons (pṛthagjana) are ultimately at the mercy of their saṃskāra construction, the āryapudgala are increasingly free of the roots of affliction and saṃskāra, duḥkha, and saṃsāra as a whole.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Buddhist thought may align more with an intersectional analysis of contemporary transhumanism and posthumanism, which sees them in mundane form as a subtle and powerful reification of the status quo in cyclic existence rather than as transformation or radical rejection as represented by nirvana.

“In this respect, Buddhist thought might be said to be more at parity with an intersectional analysis of contemporary representations of transhumanism and posthumanism, in which they are, in their mundane formulations, viewed as a subtle and powerful reification of the status quo in saṃsāra, rather than either a transformation or a radical rejection of it as characterized by the achievement of nir”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ethical value of liberation from suffering and compassionate activity is a valid normative standard for evaluating human augmentation technologies.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Like technology, the higher knowledge gained through meditation can serve both virtuous and unvirtuous ends, just as concentration can serve both a sniper and a surgeon.

“Like technology, the higher knowledge (abhijñā) achieved through meditation can serve both virtuous and unvirtuous endeavors, just as concentration might be said to serve as a tool for both the sniper and the surgeon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Meditative cultivation (bhāvanā), said to derive from the Buddha's awakening, provides a philosophical and moral template for reflecting on the technological augmentation of human capacities.

“This dynamic reaches a subtle but profound expression in practice of meditative cultivation (bhāvanā), which is said to be derived from the awakening experience of the Buddha himself, and, as we will see, provides a philosophical and moral template for reflecting on the augmenting of human capacities through technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Buddhism originated alongside Brahmanical asceticism and Śramaṇa traditions in mid-first-millennium BCE India.

“The origins of Buddhism are associated with the development of Brahmanical asceticism and Śramaṇa traditions in mid-first-millennium BCE India.”

• cites Olivelle 1998Not matched

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• cites Gombrich 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

From a Buddhist cosmological view, a technologically enhanced transhuman would still be a sentient being made of compositional factors, still subject to subtle suffering, and still temporary because those factors are impermanent, however long the state lasts.

“a technologically enhanced transhuman 1) would still be a sentient being characterized by compositional factors (saṃskāra), however subtle; 2) would therefore still be subject to suffering or dissatisfaction (duḥkha), again, however subtle; and 3) would exist in a temporary state, that is, one that would come to an end, because of the impermanent (anityā) nature of the compositional factors (saṃ”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For those not yet awakened, higher knowledges may tempt or distract, but for the liberated they become resources for inspiring faith and applying skillful means to help others effectively.

“Whereas the higher knowledges (abhijñā) might be a temptation or distraction for the unawakened, for the liberated person they become resources for inspiring faith or confidence (śraddhā) and the application of skillful means (upāyakauśalya), that is, helping others in the most appropriate and effective way.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The skillful use of technology, including awareness of its benefits, limits, and dangers, is important.

“This is where the import of the skillful (kuśala) application of technology enters the picture, particularly a recognition of its benefits, limits, and pitfalls.”

May combine two claims.

Calm developed through biofeedback and similar contemplative technologies may not remove the roots of affliction, but it lessens harm by reducing affliction and opens the way to insight.

“Though the development of calm through biofeedback and other contemplative technologies, for example, may not eliminate the roots of affliction, it reduces the likelihood of harm (hiṃsā) through the reduction of affliction (kleśa) and provides an opening for insight.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Technology, like meditation, could support serenity and concentration as means to liberating knowledge or wisdom when used skillfully.

“that technology, like meditation, might facilitate the achievement of serenity and concentration as instruments for achieving liberating knowledge or wisdom (jñāna, prajñā), if applied skillfully”

May combine two claims.

Narratives of the Buddha's renunciation may include references to immobile posture, prāṇāyāma techniques such as breath retention, and possibly an analog to khecarīmudrā.

“The narratives of the Buddha's renunciation may also contain references to the utilization of immobile posture (āsana), prāṇāyāma techniques (particularly breath retention), and possibly even an analog to the yogic practice of khecarīmudrā, specifically the pressing of the tongue against the palate during prāṇāyāma practices (Mallinson 2007, 17-19).”

• cites Mallinson 2007Not matched

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Vipaśyanā destroys the roots of affliction, leading to awakening and liberation.

“Vipaśyanā, on the other hand, destroys the roots of affliction, leading to the achievement of awakening (bodhi) and liberation (vimukti).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The full development of ascetic-contemplative techniques is most evident in the Śramaṇa traditions, particularly Jainism, Buddhism, and the Ājīvika tradition, all of which embraced varying degrees of asceticism and contemplation.

“The full flowering of ascetic-contemplative techniques of this era is most evident in the Śramaṇa, or”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the identity of the soma plant is debated, it is clear that soma was a psychoactive agent used from early in the Vedic tradition to inspire ritual performance and visionary experience.

“Scholars have wildly debated the identity of the soma plant-ephedra, cannabis, Syrian rue, poppy, the amanita muscaria mushroom, or even an ayahuasca analog-but it is nonetheless clear that it was a psychoactive agent used to inspire ritual performance and visionary experience from early on in the Vedic tradition (Clark 2017).”

• cites Clark 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The calm abiding-insight dialectic implies that transforming human capacities through meditation or technology may make humans more godlike, but such power is spiritually and morally ambiguous and ultimately temporary.

“The śamatha-vipaśyanā dialectic implies that the transformation of human capacities, whether through meditation or technology, may make humans more like deities, but that such power is spiritually and morally ambiguous and, ultimately, temporary.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ethical value of liberation from suffering and compassionate activity is a valid normative standard for evaluating human augmentation technologies.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Indian Buddhism, dhyāna, the goal of śamatha, is a deep and powerful meditative absorption typically achieved by contemplating a single meditation subject, such as the breath, an image of the Buddha, or another physical or mental object.

“In the Indian Buddhist context, dhyāna (Pāli jhāna), the goal of śamatha, is a deep and powerful meditative absorption typically achieved through the contemplation of a single meditation subject, whether the breath, an image of the Buddha, or another physical or mental object (Shaw 2006, 1-20).”

• cites Shaw 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The divine mode of existence belongs to the whole of cyclic existence; it is temporary and still involves subtle suffering.

“the divine mode of existence is coextensive with all of saṃsāra; it is a temporary state of being (though perhaps lasting eons) and is still subject to suffering (duḥkha), however subtle.”

May combine two claims.

The similarities between Buddhist meditative practice and human augmentation support a distinctively Buddhist ethical perspective that can serve as a coherent technological ethic for augmentation, anticipating many issues raised by new technologies.

“These parallels open the door to a uniquely Buddhist ethical view that provides a coherent technological ethic for human augmentation, anticipating on a number of levels the issues that arise from the development of new technologies.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ethical value of liberation from suffering and compassionate activity is a valid normative standard for evaluating human augmentation technologies.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Mahāyāna, vipaśyanā is associated with the union of calming and insight, especially as meditation on emptiness or Buddha-nature.

“In Mahāyāna, vipaśyanā is associated with concepts such as śamathavipaśyanāyuganaddha, or the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In this understanding, śamatha is an instrument that supports liberating insight through vipaśyanā but is not an end in itself.

“In this understanding, śamatha is an instrument that supports liberating insight through vipaśyanā but is not an end in itself.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Using technology for calm requires a relationship that does not create physical or psychological dependence, because part of calm abiding's value is cultivating serenity and concentration without external support.

“this would require a relationship with technology that did not foster physical or psychological dependence; in other words, part of the value of śamatha is being able to cultivate serenity and concentration without the need for an external support.”

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The early Vedic tradition drew inspiration from the soma cult, which built a liturgy around pressing, praising, and consuming an elixir that induced ecstasy.

“The early Vedic tradition drew inspiration from the soma cult, which built a liturgy around the pressing, praising, and consumption of an elixir (soma) that induced ecstasy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bhāvanā, and by extension both śamatha and vipaśyanā, is understood to be rooted in mindfulness (smṛti), the cultivation of reflective awareness that helps cultivate and sustain meditative practice.

“Bhāvanā, and by extension both śamatha or vipaśyanā, is understood to be rooted in the practice of mindfulness (smṛti), the cultivation of a reflective awareness that helps cultivate and sustain meditative practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Whether understood as radical transcendence or extraordinary embodiment, Buddhahood offers a model of the posthuman very different from that of contemporary transhumanist movements.

“Whether conceived of as a radical form of transcendence or as an extraordinary mode of embodiment, the state of Buddhahood represents a radically different model of the posthuman than that found in contemporary transhumanist movements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This distinction was partly seen as systematizing the historical Buddha's method, since after abandoning austerities at the Middle Way he took up mental cultivation, specifically meditation, which became a basis for his awakening through insight into embodied existence.

“This distinction was, in part, viewed as a systematization of the method of the historical Buddha himself, who, having abandoned the practice of austerities at the discovery of the Middle Way, is said to have taken up the practice of mental cultivation (bhāvanā), specifically meditation (Pāli jhāna, Sanskrit dhyāna), which became a basis for his awakening experience through his cultivation of ins”

• cites Shaw 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Communication technologies such as livestreaming and social media can give global access to a teacher and help preserve living teachings for future generations in digital media.

“This might take the form of the use of communication technologies such as livestreaming and social media that provide accessible contact with a teacher from around the globe, and the potential to carefully preserve living teachings for future generations in the form of various digital media.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The distinction between calm abiding and insight yields several insights for using Buddhist ethics to assess human augmentation technologies.

“From the śamatha-vipaśyanā distinction, we can glean a set of insights into how Buddhist ethics might be utilized to evaluate technologies of human augmentation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The ethical value of liberation from suffering and compassionate activity is a valid normative standard for evaluating human augmentation technologies.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other noble Śrāvakas include the Stream Winner, who will be liberated within seven lives without unfortunate rebirths; the Once-returner, who returns once as a human before liberation; and the Non-returner, who is reborn in a heavenly realm and attains liberation there.

“Other Śrāvakas, also considered noble (ārya), include the Stream Winner (śrotāpanna), who is on the path to liberation within seven lives, with no unfortunate rebirths along the way; the Once-returner (sakṛdāgāmin), who is reborn as a human once more before achieving liberation; and the Non-returner (anāgāmin), who is reborn into a heavenly realm and achieves liberation there.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The various meditation subjects are understood to have an antidotal quality, counteracting particular mental afflictions.

“The various subjects have an”

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Having achieved freedom, the noble person can serve others in an extraordinary capacity, especially in pursuing liberation, through the use of abhijñā powers.

“In addition, having achieved freedom, the noble person can serve others in an extraordinary capacity, especially in the pursuit of liberation, through the use of the abhijñā powers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Buddha's awakening is characterized by attaining śamatha and abhijñā followed by liberating insight into birth and rebirth, conceptualized as perceiving the Four Noble Truths.

“The Buddha's awakening experience is characterized by his attainment of śamatha (Pāli samatha, specifically jhāna) and abhijñā followed by his liberating insight into the process of birth and rebirth, conceptualized in the form of the perception of the Four Noble Truths (catvāri āryasatyāni).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As the roots of affliction are destroyed, the propensity to perform unvirtuous or unskillful action is eliminated, transforming the worldly practitioner into an otherworldly saint.

“As the roots of affliction are destroyed, the propensity to perform unvirtuous or unskillful (akuśala) action is eliminated, transforming the worldly (laukika) practitioner into an otherworldly (alaukika) saint.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Narratives of the Buddha's life show the range and depth of ascetic-contemplative techniques of that era.

“Narratives of the life of the Buddha illustrate the range and depth of ascetic-contemplative techniques of the era.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Vipaśyanā represents what is often considered uniquely Buddhist about meditative cultivation, namely the cultivation of liberating insight.

“Vipaśyanā represents, in contrast, what is often considered uniquely Buddhist about meditative cultivation (bhāvanā), namely the cultivation of liberating insight.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Vedic priestly tradition began to emphasize ascetic and contemplative practices, idealizing the ṛṣi and the muni as models for virtuoso Brahmanical asceticism.

“The Vedic priestly (brāhmaṇa) tradition, perhaps in conversation with heterodox traditions, began to forefront and highlight ascetic and contemplative practices, idealizing the ṛṣi, the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, Śrāvaka arhats, and āryabodhisattvas have in principle escaped the cycle of birth and rebirth to some degree and are no longer subject to it as ordinary people are.

“Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, Śrāvaka arhats, and āryabodhisattvas have all, in principle, escaped the cycle of birth and rebirth to some degree, and are no longer subject to it in the way that ordinary people (pṛthajana) are.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This parallels transhumanist debates about whether humanity's ultimate path is toward embodiment or disembodiment.

“This parallels the questions in transhumanism over whether the ultimate trajectory of humanity is towards embodiment or disembodiment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ethical and philosophical problems raised by using technology to augment Buddhist practice may resemble those raised by mantranaya or Vajrayāna Buddhism, especially the acceleration of spiritual development through extraordinary or dangerous means.

“the philosophical and ethical issues that arise out of the use of technology to augment Buddhist practice might be comparable to those that arose from the development of mantranaya or Vajrayāna Buddhism-particularly with respect to the issue of accelerating spiritual development through the use of extraordinary, or even dangerous, means.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

From Indian Buddhist meditation theory, the stages and states of the Noble Person are far more radical in scope and elevate the very notion of awakening.

“From the viewpoint of Indian Buddhist meditation theory, the various stages and states of the Noble Person (āryapudgala), characterized by both worldly (laukika) and otherworldly (alaukika) attainments, are far more radical in scope, hypostasizing the very notion of awakening.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A person who has attained liberating knowledge or wisdom could use technology in a way analogous to higher knowledges to help others escape suffering.

“that one who has achieved liberating knowledge or wisdom might utilize technology in a manner similar to the abhijñā as a vehicle for helping free others from suffering.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Establishing facility in dhyāna is said to lead to various forms of higher knowledge (abhijñā), which are five types of extraordinary capacity.

“The establishment of facility in dhyāna is said to lead to various forms of higher knowledge (abhijñā), which are five types of extraordinary capacity, including [psychic] accomplishments (ṛddhi), mind-reading (paracittajñāna), the divine ear (divyaśrotra), the divine eye (divyacakṣus), memory of former lives (pūrvanivāsānusmṛti), and the knowledge that destroys mental pollutants (āśravakṣayajñāna”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Unlike worldly brahmās, the āryapudgala has achieved at least some liberation from samsara, having attained nirvāṇa or nirodha.

“Unlike the worldly brahmās, the āryapudgala has achieved at least a degree of liberation from saṃsāra, having achieved a level of extinction (nirvāṇa) or cessation (nirodha).”

May combine two claims.

A person's mode of human existence can change and indeed must change.

“Not only is transformation of one's mode of human existence possible, it is, in fact, inevitable.”

May combine two claims.

Śamatha temporarily suspends mental affliction, whereas vipaśyanā removes the roots of affliction.

“Śamatha temporarily suspends mental affliction, whereas vipaśyanā removes the roots of affliction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Śamatha is said to lead to mental purification, calmness and focus, and extraordinary capacities, facilitating but not bringing about awakening.

“Śamatha is said to lead to mental purification, calmness and focus, and extraordinary capacities, facilitating but not bringing about awakening.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The ability to manifest, including in duplicated form, through constructed minds offers another example of how meditative powers and technology can be seen as analogous.

“The ability to manifest, including in duplicated form, through the use of constructed minds (nirmāṇacitta) provides another example of how meditative powers and technology might be viewed as analogues.”