The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 61 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Safe Futures Initiative at Chief Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION\nThis article will first describe the Puyallup Reservation in Tacoma-Pierce County, Washington, focusing on its urban context and the demographics of the multitribal community it serves. The authors will then consider the Chief Leschi Schools system (pre-K through 12) in historic perspective and in its contemporary form. The community and family risk factors associated with the escalating problem of alcohol/drug abuse and violence/youth violence in the surrounding urban community and within the Puyallup Reservation will be discussed. The impact of the broader urban alcohol/drug abuse and violence on Chief Leschi Schools and its children and families will then be analyzed. The tribal programmatic response to this situation and particularly the development and the evolution of the prevention programs, Positive Reinforcement in Drug Education (PRIDE) and Puyallups Against Violence (PAV) will be discussed. These programs were designed to provide positive alternative activities to American Indian and Alaska Native students and the general multitribal community. The current design of the alcohol-drug-violence-gang prevention program (Safe Futures) and the future goals and plans for this program will then be reviewed. Special attention will be placed on reviewing the risk factors and protective factors targeted for intervention through the Safe Futures Program. Finally, the relevance of this project to a selected sample of the research literature will be discussed. This article is based on an analysis of historic data and a set of interviews with school staff, prevention staff, and general Puyallup tribal employees.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article describes the Puyallup Reservation’s urban context and Chief Leschi Schools’ Safe Futures Initiative, a school-based tribal prevention program addressing alcohol/drug abuse, violence/gang violence, and crime. It reports risk-factor assessment and early outcome data suggesting improved attendance and reduced gang- and substance-related incidents after PRIDE/PAV/Safe Futures programming.
Key findings
- The Puyallup Reservation is highly urbanized and economically deprived: the December 1995 BIA report showed Native American unemployment at 69 percent, and during 1995–96, 95 percent of Chief Leschi students qualified for free or reduced-cost lunches.
- Gang and violence indicators were severe: Chief Leschi Middle and High Schools documented 196 gang-related incidents in 1993–94; 12 of 76 middle school students (15.8 percent) and 44 of 105 high school students (41.9 percent) were identified as gang members.
- After PAV/PRIDE programming, high-school attendance improved from 74 to 84 percent between 1994–95 and 1995–96 (13.5 percent improvement); gang-related incidents fell from 1.02 to .27 per student between 1993–94 and 1995–96 (73.5 percent reduction); substance-abuse-related incidents fell from .10 to .05 per student (50 percent reduction).
- Safe Futures added multiple strategies, including PRIDE revision, teacher training, Natural Helpers, Parenting Plus/Positive Indian Parenting, year-round GED/high-school completion and night school, dropout retrieval, and outreach to at least 250 Native American youth monthly.
Methods
- The article is based on analysis of historic data and interviews with school staff, prevention staff, and general Puyallup tribal employees.
- The 1994 risk assessment drew on Chief Leschi student and parent surveys, prevention workshops, tribal and nontribal social service/juvenile justice agency surveys, and census data from the BIA, Tacoma, and Pierce County; internal and external assessments used the Communities That Care model.
- The Safe Futures outcome evaluation included qualitative interviews conducted in four sets and quantitative data: school attendance, achievement, and negative behavior incidents; Tri-Ethnic Center substance abuse surveys administered four times to grades 4–12; and Safe Futures Community School/Outreach service records.
Limitations
- The paper states that inadequate funding limited staff positions, support materials, specialized chemical dependency training, and crisis/long-term intervention services; BIA cuts of about 8.7 percent in 1995–96 precluded enhancing PAV and PRIDE, conducting rigorous program evaluation, and providing needed staff development.
- The paper states that PRIDE and PAV had not been formally evaluated before Safe Futures, and that the Safe Futures evaluation results were not yet available; the authors also recognize that improved attendance and behavior may be influenced by other factors such as improved socioeconomic conditions and an overall reduction in youth violence and criminality.
- Evident from the text: the analysis relies on multiple agency records and surveys without a controlled comparison, and some 1980 census data were not specific to the Puyallup but included other Indians and Alaska Natives in the area.
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Claims the paper makes
61 Sources not found · 60 Own result · 37 Own interpretation · 24 No basis given · 10 Own method · 3 Not checked yet
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Bureau of Indian Affairs Labor Force Reports for August 1986 placed the American Indian and Alaska Native unemployment rate for Pierce County at an alarming 66 percent.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, of those Tacoma area Indians who were employed, an incredible 75 percent earned an income below 5,000 dollars.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals face both the problems experienced by urban Indians and many of the problems typical of reservations: a very high unemployment rate, a median family income lower and less stable than that of the non-Indian population, severe housing problems, high alcohol and drug abuse rates, low educational attainment, and a reservoir of health problems due to the impact of long-term poverty.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast to the Indians on or near the four rural reservations, Indians residing on or near the Puyallup Reservation had access to many more job opportunities.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the Indian people in this greater Tacoma area had almost as high an unemployment rate (51 percent) as those associated with two of the rural reservations.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In November 1993, twenty-one (21) recognized and affiliated gangs operated adjacent to and within the Reservation boundaries.22”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > ALCOHOL-DRUG ABUSE AND VIOLENCE-YOUTH VIOLENCE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between the 1994-95 and the 1995-96 school years, the high-school attendance rate improved from 74 to 84 percent, a 13.5 percent improvement.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Puyallups Against Violence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alcohol (80.8 percent) and the availability of illegal drugs (69.2 percent) were rated by participants as being significant problems contributing to gangs and violence.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > The Planning Process
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Within the family domain, few of the existing tribal programs teach good family management strategies, parenting skills, and positive discipline techniques.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > The Planning Process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 1993-94 and 1995-96 the rate of gang-related incidents was reduced from 1.02 to .27 per student, a 73.5 percent reduction.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Puyallups Against Violence
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The 1990 census reported that nearly 21 percent of American Indian families in Pierce County were earning incomes below poverty level.11”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Individuals face both the problems experienced by urban Indians and many of the problems typical of reservations: a very high unemployment rate, a median family income lower and less stable than that of the non-Indian population, severe housing problems, high alcohol and drug abuse rates, low educational attainment, and a reservoir of health problems due to the impact of long-term poverty.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The 1980 census reported that nearly 28 percent of Pierce County's Indian families were headed by females with no husband present; within the Puyallup Reservation nearly 45 percent of the Indian families are headed by females with no husband present.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reservation boundaries, which encompass 18,061 acres, include a major portion of the city of Tacoma and also include portions of Fife, Milton, and the city of Puyallup.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Only 9 percent of this labor force ceased to seek work because of disappointment.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 81,000 people of multiple ethnicities live within the reservation boundaries.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Their extended families and culture base are often on reservations quite distant from the Puyallup tribe.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Over 20 percent of Indian families had incomes of less than 5,000 dollars, compared with 5.7 percent of white families, 11.4 percent of black families, 12.5 percent for Asian and Pacific Islander families, and 10.4 percent for families of Spanish origin.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fully 19.4 percent of the American Indian and Alaska Native families residing in the congressional district in which most of the Puyallup tribal community is located reported incomes of less than 5,000 dollars; the state average for the same group show 15.9 percent.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, child neglect, child abuse, and family dissolution are major social problems.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals face both the problems experienced by urban Indians and many of the problems typical of reservations: a very high unemployment rate, a median family income lower and less stable than that of the non-Indian population, severe housing problems, high alcohol and drug abuse rates, low educational attainment, and a reservoir of health problems due to the impact of long-term poverty.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of those employed, nearly 80 percent were earning less than 9,048 dollars a year.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The 1980 census demonstrated that for American Indians and Alaska Natives in Pierce County the economic situation had not improved significantly from 1970.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Bureau of Indian Affairs data for 1993 identified 5,048 Native Americans age zero to sixteen years as living on or adjacent to the Puyallup Reservation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Puyallup Tribal Health Authority makes available health and social services to all qualified American Indians and Alaska Natives in Pierce County and even some from bordering counties.7”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The total number of Indians and Alaska Natives in Pierce County was 5,919 individuals according to the 1980 United States Census.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The median income reported for families of female house-holders with no husband present within the Puyallup Reservation was reported at 5,667 dollars in the 1980 census, per capita income being a mere 3,308 dollars.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“most of the Puyallup Reservation, 95 percent, is non-Indian owned.3”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Thus, the Puyallup are embedded in an unusual social situation.6 They are a reservation community interspersed in the middle of a city, in fact four cities.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In fact, there was a marked increase in the percentage of Indian families living below poverty level: 27.9 percent in 1980 as compared to 24.6 percent in 1970.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of this number, approximately 15 percent are members of identified racial/ethnic minorities.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, 73 percent of the clients of the Puyallup Child Welfare Services reported public assistance as their income source, the five-project client average being 36 percent.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 1990 United States Census reported 8,344 American Indian and Alaska Natives residing in Pierce County.4”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the state 24.8 percent of the American Indian and Alaska Native population were reported as living below poverty level; within the congressional district in which most of the Puyallup tribal community is located, 28.9 percent of the same group lived below poverty level.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of those unemployed, more than 22 percent were not actively seeking work.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to the 1980 United States Census, the Puyallup Reservation's total population was 25,188 individuals.Only 856 of these, 3.4 percent, were identified as Indian, the lowest percentage of Indians on any Washington reservation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainn = 25,188- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of Puyallup Indians enrolled in the tribe in 1989 was 1,075, with most residing on or near the reservation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current tribal enrollment is about 2,200 members.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Puyallup tribal social, health, and educational programs annually provide services to more than 15,000 Native Americans, many of whom live within Tacoma's Empowerment Zone.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The December 1995 BIA Indian Service Population & Labor Force Report showed an increase in unemployment levels to 69 percent.10”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals face both the problems experienced by urban Indians and many of the problems typical of reservations: a very high unemployment rate, a median family income lower and less stable than that of the non-Indian population, severe housing problems, high alcohol and drug abuse rates, low educational attainment, and a reservoir of health problems due to the impact of long-term poverty.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 1990 census reported that per capita income for American Indian and Alaska Natives residing in Pierce County had risen to 8,802, dollars while at the same time the percentage of families headed by females with no husband present had risen to 30.2 percent.12”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals face both the problems experienced by urban Indians and many of the problems typical of reservations: a very high unemployment rate, a median family income lower and less stable than that of the non-Indian population, severe housing problems, high alcohol and drug abuse rates, low educational attainment, and a reservoir of health problems due to the impact of long-term poverty.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By extrapolating from the data for zero to fifteen-year-olds, we estimate that a total of 5,650 youth zero to eighteen-years-old live on or near the Puyallup Reservation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, 57 percent of this labor force continued to seek gainful employment, though the economic conditions within this county will probably not change for them.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A new superintendent was hired in 1985.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Overall employment in the school increased to 286 staff (22 percent Puyallup tribal members, overall 63 percent Native Americans).15”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Puyallup Tribal Children's Services received 164 referrals for investigation during calendar year 1995.37 In ninety-six of these cases, or 58 percent, substance abuse was involved.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Family Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 96- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Leschi currently has waiting lists for many of its program offerings.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Requests to the BIA for a new school facility were initiated.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most members of the Puyallup tribal community with middle and higher incomes either work with or for the tribe, or are self-employed under license or sponsorship of the tribe.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The school was originally established as the”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Puyallup Reservation portion of Pierce County encompasses all or part of four different public school systems.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Leschi currently manages thirtysix grants and contracts, including a U.S. Department of Labor School-to-Work implementation grant.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Leschi receives funding from the tribal council, the BIA, and a variety of federal agencies and private foundations.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The campus is organized around east/west and north/south axes.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only a few elders can speak Puyallup with any degree of skill, and fewer younger people are fluent enough to continue the tradition.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The secondary school relocated to a rented facility.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Youth outreach programs, curriculum improvements, and prevention and intervention programs such as PRIDE were implemented.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Leschi's secondary school campus was condemned by the BIA for use for educational purposes in 1989.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Puyallup Tribal Council which had been acting as the school board, established the school as a separate entity and established a separate Chief Leschi School Board in October 1991.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By the fall of 1996, K through 12 enrollment on the main campus was 909: More than 93 percent of the student population was American Indian or Alaska Native, nearly 5 percent white, and less than 1 percent Black, Asian, or Hispanic.21”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The new Chief Leschi School pre-K-12 campus was completed and occupied in the fall of 1996.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“At Chief Leschi, standardized achievement test scores (CAT) indicate that many students are failing this measure of academic success.44 Although the scores have increased over the last three years in each subject area for every grade level, Chief Leschi students overall still have lower than average scores in math, language, and reading.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > School Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Puyallups Against Violence Program (PAV) was established in 1993.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Native American students, and the resources necessary to respond to their unique needs and abilities, were scattered in schools on or near the Puyallup Reservation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As part of the Puyallup Public School system, Chief Leschi aligns curriculum and standards with Washington state requirements.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three (3) of our youth have been murdered and four seriously maimed during the last year.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > ALCOHOL-DRUG ABUSE AND VIOLENCE-YOUTH VIOLENCE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Transportation Department reports that daily bus routes cover more than 7,700 miles in transporting students to and from the school.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other ceremonial events include the First Salmon Ceremony and participation in the First Circle Canoe Journey among multiple Northwest Coast tribes.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In excess of fifty-five recognized tribes are represented among the student body.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The school now serves approximately 1,200 youth, most of whom reside within Pierce County.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Puyallups Against Violence program became part of the comprehensive Safe Futures Community School in 1997.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Securing the funds for the new school facility required intensive efforts at the local and national level.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, students travel to Chief Leschi from both the Muckleshoot Reservation in King County to the north and from the Nisqually Reservation in Thurston County to the south.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The areas of greatest need within the community domain are programs and services that adequately address transiency, community disorganization, and economic deprivation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > The Planning Process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the school domain, the areas of greatest need were programs that addressed early and persistent antisocial behavior, early academic failure, and lack of commitment to school.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > The Planning Process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A formal interlocal agreement with the Puyallup Public School system was established in 1996.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The elementary school is at the east axis, while the high school lies to the west.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twelve of seventy-six (15.8 percent) middle school students were identified as gang members, and eight more were suspected; forty-four of 105 (41.9 percent) high school students were identified as gang members, and fifteen more were suspected.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Community Risk Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The school has evolved to its present form as a multi-campus system of educational and social service programs in less than twenty years.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most Native American youth live in urban areas that are located throughout Pierce County.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Leschi is fiscally responsible for a budget of nearly 13 million dollars annually.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the 1990 United States Census demonstrated only a slight decrease in levels of poverty as noted above.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, the Puyallup tribe hosts an annual powwow to commemorate and celebrate the return of the Old Cushman Hospital site to the tribe.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Hawthorne School was relocated to the tribal headquarters in 1979 as the new Chief Leschi School, and was designated as a K-12 tribal school by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Safe Futures Community School's monthly powwows draw many participants from the surrounding community and nearby reservations.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Members of the church have been called upon to perform cleansing ceremonies in the Puyallup tribe's programs and facilities.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the Chief Leschi Schools system is attempting to make children familiar with their language and culture through a Twelshootseed language program taught both in the main campus and the Safe Futures Community School.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Leschi also receives state of Washington funds for its Goals 2000, Early Childhood, and Readiness-to-Learn programs.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the demographic data presented above, we estimate that at least one-third of Native American school-age youth residing in the county attend Chief Leschi Schools.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent school charter of incorporation was reaffirmed by the Puyallup Tribal Council in January of 1994.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditional dance, singing, and visual arts are a mainstay of Chief Leschi's curriculum for cultural preservation and revitalization.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yearly enrollment increases began to average more than twenty-five percent per year.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incorporation was further modified to clarify the status of the school as a separate, independent Indian organization protected by sovereign immunity from suit in February 1994.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fishermen are also self-employed and licensed by the tribe but earn marginal seasoned incomes.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 1995-96 school year, 95 percent of all Chief Leschi students qualified for free or reduced cost lunches.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Community Risk Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 169,000 school-age children currently reside in these areas.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Leschi School, Inc. was granted 501(c)(3) taxexempt status by the Internal Revenue Service, March 29, 1996.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over 80 Tribal youth wearing gang paraphernalia and showing gang signs attended the recent funeral of a member slain in a gang drive-by shooting.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > ALCOHOL-DRUG ABUSE AND VIOLENCE-YOUTH VIOLENCE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Puyallups hold a wide range of standard Western religious beliefs, and some are members of the four current subsets of the Shaker religion.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These public schools sponsor Indian education programs that receive specialized funding (Title IX) averaging less than 150 dollars per pupil per year.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“School enrollment was less than 100 pupils.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given this disadvantaged status, it is reasonable to expect a high incidence of health, mental health, and social problems among this group.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, 57 percent of this labor force continued to seek gainful employment, though the economic conditions within this county will probably not change for them.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These families were caught in an unfortunate cycle in which day care was too expensive to afford, so work or further education were impractical, and they had to depend on the welfare system of the dominant society.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While Puyallups do have their own set of non-kin resources, in many cases they must depend on outsiders, precisely those people that tradition, history, and experience have taught them not to trust.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economic malaise of the American Indian and Alaska Native population in the greater Tacoma area, and the lack of change in this status between 1970 and 1980, traced a bleak prospect for a significant increase in economic status in the near future.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the erosion of the land base, even extended families who maintain contact find housing that is separated from other family members, unlike the situation on rural reservations.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As measured by the 1980 U.S. Census, American Indians and Alaska Natives in the Puyallup tribal community not only suffered higher levels of poverty than their neighbors, but did not fare well when compared with the American Indians and Alaska Natives of Washington state as a whole, or with the American Indians and Alaskan Natives of surrounding congressional districts.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, Puyallup families live in the middle of an alien majority culture and may feel alienated from Indian culture as well.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals face both the problems experienced by urban Indians and many of the problems typical of reservations: a very high unemployment rate, a median family income lower and less stable than that of the non-Indian population, severe housing problems, high alcohol and drug abuse rates, low educational attainment, and a reservoir of health problems due to the impact of long-term poverty.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compounded with reemerging issues of identity and alienation, the situation for urban Indian families is fragile and at times relatively powerless.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some residual difficulties in child rearing may be traced to the boarding school era, which deprived parents and grandparents of the present generation of exposure to traditional child-rearing skills.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many Puyallup families are deprived of the extended family networks, the shared cultural tradition, and shared worldview present within a rural reservation community.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because they have moved to this area from home localities, many of these individuals may feel alienated from the Indian culture native to this area as well.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Due to an active enrollment campaign, the completion of the largest Indian land claim settlement in history with local non-Indian governments and residents within reservation boundaries, and a recent surge in economic development, tribal enrollments have increased dramatically.5”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“There is a high positive correlation between low income and self-reported low health status of disadvantaged minorities.13”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Children of alcoholics have a threefold to fourfold increased risk for developing this disorder.51”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This dilution of resources and programs targeted for Native American youth, and the sparseness of the Native American student population in the public schools, have contributed to iden-tified risk factors, particularly low neighborhood attachment and community disorganization.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gangs have infiltrated our grade, middle and high schools and threaten the integrity of law enforcement on the Reservation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > ALCOHOL-DRUG ABUSE AND VIOLENCE-YOUTH VIOLENCE
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Shaker religion, which supports spiritual healing, is a blend of Christianity and aboriginal shamanistic beliefs and practices.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the impact of the PAV activities and its coordination with the cadre of main campus programming may be contributors to improved attendance rates in the high school, reduced per capita prevalence of gang-related incidents, and reduced per capita prevalence of alcohol and drugabuse incidents.49”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Puyallups Against Violence
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Supportive social and health services are linked to individual student needs.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline data from the school year prior to program enhancements were compared with school data from the two years of project operation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Evaluation Activities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During this period, key events have highlighted changes in leadership and vision which have resulted in the school's current status as an award-winning alternative for Native American families.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Difficulty in achievement, antisocial behavior during childhood, poor school performance, greater truancy, greater incidence of dropping out, and aggressive/violent behavior have been found to predict heavy alcohol use.53”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The number of drug-related deaths in Pierce County attributed to overdoses grew from twenty-eight in 1993 to fifty-five in 1995, a 96.4 percent increase.33”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Community Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps most significantly, the 1997 opening of the Emerald Queen River Boat Casino in Tacoma promises to make the tribe one of the largest employers in Pierce County, Washington.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Precontact beliefs persist in the form of rituals and healing ceremonies in the Longhouse tradition.18”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the expansion of the casino, along with other tribal enterprises, the Puyallup tribe will be one of the top ten employers in Pierce County.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its initiation marked a major progress point in tribal revitalization.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Native Americans and Native Alaskans experience an alcohol-related death rate four times higher than the rate for the general population.50”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior to the establishment of Chief Leschi School, there was little opportunity for Native American students to be educated with their peers in a culturally and educationally enriched environment.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Between 1989 and 1991, the suicide rate for Native Americans fifteen to twenty-four years of age was 37.5, as compared to 13.2 for all races and 14.0 for the white population.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Individual and Peer Group Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The 1990 census reported the median annual income for Native American families as 8,872 dollars.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Community Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 1990 census
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Curriculum and teaching methods are culturally relevant and responsive to appropriate learning styles.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is among the disheartened, long-term poor of the Puyallup tribal community that we can expect the continued high incidence of domestic and sociopsychological problems.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sponsorship of this event represents a large tribal investment (time, energy, and dollars) and has some attributes of the potlatch, especially through the giveaway of large quantities of salmon and other foods.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The new school facility reflects Native American culture and values.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Guilmet, one of the authors and the contracted outside evaluator, conducted a series of interviews with Chief Leschi Schools administration and teaching staff, Safe Futures Community School and Safe Futures Community Outreach Program staff, students, and parents.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Evaluation Activities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The entire Chief Leschi fourth through twelfth grade student population was surveyed.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Evaluation Activities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Students have direct involvement in and attachment to positive peer and adult role models.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chief Leschi has emerged as a culturally based educational alternative for Native American youth on and near the reservation.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is estimated that 50 percent of these employees will be Native Americans.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first interviews were completed during fall 1996 as near as possible prior to implementing the enhancements.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Evaluation Activities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcome evaluation has included both qualitative and quantitative components.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Evaluation Activities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In Pierce County, 6.5 percent of all teenage women ages twelve to seventeen years old got pregnant in 1993, compared to the state's average of 5.5 percent.39”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Family Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Rates of alcohol abuse are higher if an individual is unable to develop alternative and more adaptive ways of coping with immediate situational demands.54”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, several other powwows and ceremonies are held in Tacoma and on nearby reservations, reinforcing tribal identity.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This situation also prevented Chief Leschi from conducting a rigorous program evaluation to measure the outcomes of its prevention strategies, and from providing the staff development training that is necessary for teachers to effectively teach youth social influence resistance skills.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Puyallups Against Violence
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While Puyallup tribal members maintain many traditional values and symbols, especially with regard to subsistence activities such as fishing, shellfishing, hunting, and berry gathering, their aboriginal culture has been profoundly changed.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Persons who abuse alcohol are more likely to abuse other drugs.52”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are typically urban American Indians and Alaska Natives not raised in rural reservation settings, and are a subpopulation of the Puyallup tribal community as a whole.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Employment in the casino is expected to increase from the current five hundred to more than one thousand.16”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three sources of information were used for this assessment.The first source is from Chief Leschi student and parent surveys, as well as substance abuse, violence, and gang prevention workshops in which participants were asked to brainstorm and prioritize community issues, concerns, and challenges.The second source is from surveys and assessments conducted by tribal and nontribal social service and”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > The Planning Process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impact of high-needs youth on the new school with limited resources and inadequate administrative leadership led to threat of closure by the BIA in 1983.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In Pierce County, more than 47 percent of Native American children age zero to four years live in poverty-the highest rate among all ethnic groups.26”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Community Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It was sanctioned by white authorities because it assimilated many Christian concepts, but has no connection with the Christian Shakers of the Atlantic states.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they established a rigorous pre-and postassessment by an outside evaluator to document the efforts and assess the effectiveness of these enhancements.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Intervention Strategies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Neither the PRIDE Program nor the Safe Futures Program had been formally evaluated prior to the initiative.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the huge economic expansion and employment opportunities offered by the development of tribal enterprises, we look forward to a much brighter future for Puyallup tribal members and the broader Native community the tribe serves.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Pierce County Network (a state-mandated planning entity) reported a rate of 35.8 percent child abuse and neglect cases per 1,000 children age zero to seventeen years old in Pierce County for 1993.36”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Family Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These surveys were administered four times through the life of the project”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Evaluation Activities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The Shaker religion is a truly unique Indian Christian religion, first appearing among the Indians of the southern Puget Sound in 1881 or 1882.17”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > THE PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The schools are built around a circle, a round of Mother Earth, representing the connection of her people, the seasons, the four directions, and the worlds of plants, animals, birds, and fish.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > CHIEF LESCHI SCHOOLS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Attachment/bonding and increased intellectual or cultural pursuits have been related to decreased risk of substance abuse.56”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“risk factors and risk-taking behaviors occur in clusters and tend to amplify each other.72”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The revitalization of values and behaviors inherent in Indian culture that are reinforced by the PRIDE and PAV programs can be significant forces in rectifying social ills.70”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It has been reported as an effective multidimensional prevention program.68”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“After-school programs providing opportunities for active learning and practice of cognitive, interpersonal, and problem-solving skills to children from economically deprived backgrounds contribute to the development of social competence and reduce problem behaviors.60”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Recognizing social networks, natural helpers, and the existing resources and strengths of ethnic minority communities reduces social distance that often separates the participant and the intervener, minimizes cultural incompetence, and increases the likelihood that skills, knowledge, and services will be delivered past the funding of the program.66”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Membership in structured, goal-directed peer groups that do not abuse alcohol may protect teenagers against adolescent substance abuse.55”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Successful preventive interventions depend heavily upon the context in which they are delivered; they must be culturally competent.65”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Multicomponent communitywide programs featuring a combination of school curriculum and community-based programming and including parents and community members are reported to reduce multiple drug-use behaviors.64”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nothing is more guaranteed to produce controversy in cross-cultural research than the use of measures that are developed and standardized on one population and then uncritically used in another ethnic or cultural group.67”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The Puyallup Reservation is the most urbanized reservation within Washington state.
“The Puyallup Reservation is the most urbanized reservation within Washington state.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The community and family risk factors associated with alcohol/drug abuse and violence/youth violence are present in the surrounding urban community and within the Puyallup Reservation.
“The community and family risk factors associated with the escalating problem of alcohol/drug abuse and violence/youth violence in the surrounding urban community and within the Puyallup Reservation will be discussed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The assessment of community risk and protective factors accurately identified areas of greatest need.
“In 1994 Chief Leschi Schools and the PAV Partnership conducted an assessment of community risk and protective factors to determine areas of greatest need.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The three sources of information used for the community risk and protective factor assessment are valid and sufficient for determining areas of greatest need.
“Three sources of information were used for this assessment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Communities That Care model's risk-factor framework is valid for identifying areas of greatest need in this tribal community.
“Both processes are based on the Communities That Care model.23”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neither the PRIDE Program nor the Safe Futures Program had been formally evaluated prior to the initiative.
“since neither the PRIDE Program nor the Safe Futures Program had been formally evaluated”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effectiveness of PRIDE's prevention efforts had never been evaluated through pre-and post-testing.
“The effectiveness of PRIDE's prevention efforts had never been evaluated through pre-and post-testing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The PAV program had not been formally evaluated.
“However, this program had not been formally evaluated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The PRIDE curriculum had not been updated and aligned with Chief Leschi's Student Essential Academic Learning Requirements.
“this curriculum had not been updated and aligned with Chief Leschi's Student Essential Academic Learning Requirements”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many teachers lacked training in the implementation of the PRIDE curriculum.
“many teachers lacked training in its implementation”
The paper relies on this without support.
American Indian and Alaskan Native children are at extremely high risk for substance abuse.
“American Indian and Alaskan Native children are at extremely high risk for substance abuse.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The Pierce County Network (a state-mandated planning entity) reported a rate of 35.8 percent child abuse and neglect cases per 1,000 children age zero to seventeen years old in Pierce County for 1993.”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > Family Risk Factors
Reported 35.8 · recomputed 3.58
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
“eleven essential elements of the community in developing prevention and intervention strategies”
§ Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation > RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH
“police, prosecution, courts, probation, corrections, parole, schools, youth employment agencies, community-based youth agencies, and grassroots organizations.”
Citations
Cites
Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research
(1994) · doi:10.17226/2139 · Cited by 2,073
The 1986 census of population and housing
Cornish, J. K. (1985) · Journal of the Australian Population Association · doi:10.1007/bf03041202 · Cited by 1,410
Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research
Novins, D. K. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199503000-00028 · Cited by 1,085
American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research
Trimble, J. E. (2026) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian · Cited by 192
Characteristics of Indian Youth and Drug Use
Beauvais (1992) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0501.1992.51 · Cited by 34
Controlling Crime Before It Happens: Risk-Focused Prevention
Hawkins, J. D. (1995) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e564312006-002 · Cited by 30
Hanna, J. L. (1979) · Dance Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1478794 · Cited by 23
The Shaker Religion Of The Northwest
Günther, E. (1949) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/smit91566-005 · Cited by 22
Gregory (1990) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0403.1990.89 · Cited by 19
Beauvais, F. (1992) · Monografi: ISSN 1046-7750 · doi:10.5820/aian.0403.1990.77 · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Marian W. Smith (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949).
- For similar traditions in other Coast Salish tribes, see Pamela T Amoss, Coast Salish Spirit Dancing: The Survival of an Ancestral Religion (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978);
- "President Honors Leschi School," News Tribune, June 20, 1989, B1. In February of 1989 the tribal school was listed as one of ten in its class designat- ed as "exemplary" by the Department of the Interior, which administers con- tracts with tribes through the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This honor came on the heels of Chief Leschi's selection as one of sixty schools in the nation with an exemplary "Chapter One" remedial reading program. In June of 1989 the Chief Leschi School of the Puyallup tribe was one of forty-seven schools honored at a White House ceremony by the United States Department of Education for its model anti-drug program (PRIDE); it was the only school in Washington state and the only American Indian or Alaska Native school in the nation to receive this recognition.
- Spero M. Manson and Norman G. Dinges, American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, Monograph Series, vol. 1, monograph 1 (1988): 311.
- Norman Dorpat, "PRIDE: Substance Abuse Education/Intervention Program," and "Community Development as Context for Alcohol Policy," American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 4.3 (1992): 82-84;
- Judy M. Thorne and Erin O. Newton, "Chief Leschi School System: Prevention Programs with Notable Community Involvement," Chapter 3 in How Do We Know They Work, An Examination of Evidence for Effectiveness in School-Based Drug Prevention Programs, Report to Congress, United States Department of Education, Office of the Undersecretary, Multilevel and Special Populations Division, 1993, 37-39.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rees, C., Freng, A. B., & Winfree, L. T. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0018-2 · Cited by 40
American Indian and Alaska Native violence prevention efforts: a systematic review, 1980 to 2018
Rollman, J. E., Thomas, M., Kollar, L. M. M., Ports, K. A., Clelland, C., Satter, D. E., & David-Ferdon, C. F. (2024) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-024-00488-3 · Cited by 3
Rollman, J. E., Thomas, M., Mercer Kollar, L. M., Ports, K. A., Clelland, C., Satter, D. E., & David-Ferdon, C. F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25440868
Metadata
- Authors
- Guilmet, G. M., Whited, D. L., Dorpat, N., & Pijanowski, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Puget Sound (US)
- Venue
- American Indian Culture and Research Journal
- Publisher
- UCLA American Indian Studies Center
- Published
- 1998-01-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 407-440
- ISSN
- 0161-6463 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W90677270
- Semantic Scholar
- 8ceb90ad8ef4977566525ce0490af9f48e7855d7
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Indian Culture and Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- youth violence, gang violence, crime prevention, tribal education, American Indian and Alaska Native students, risk and protective factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-27, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-27 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Safe Futures Initiative at Chief Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.17953/aicr.22.4.701052u136p16722
- The paper
- Guilmet, G. M., Whited, D. L., Dorpat, N., & Pijanowski, C. (1998). The Safe Futures Initiative at Chief Leschi Schools: A School-Based Tribal Response to Alcohol-Drug Abuse, Violence-Gang Violence, and Crime on an Urban Reservation. American Indian Culture and Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.17953/aicr.22.4.701052u136p16722
