Beginning Counselors’ Supervision in Counseling and Challenges and Supports They Experience: Based on Developmental Models
Open accessAbstract
Mental health providers address mental health issues and/or increase the quality of life at different levels starting from individual to global levels for individuals and communities. Mental health providers are key people who strive to alleviate suffering and enhance wellbeing of people. Therefore, more professional supervision is need to focus on the training of mental health providers, which means their clinical supervision. In this literature review article, the author specifically focused on empirical studies that examined beginning counselors’ developmental process. The author provided brief information about developmental models of supervision, common challenges and supports the beginning counselors-in-training experience, and common implications for supervisors. The author also shared some of their site experiences from Turkey and the U.S. to clarify how supervision needs more professional attention. They also explained how supervision in Turkey need more attention and yet also stated how some contextually sensitive supervision models emerge like structured active/engaged peer supervision model (or in Turkish, Yapılandırılmış Aktif Akran Süpervizyon Modeli, YASAM). The most important point of this study is supervisors consider developmental process of their supervisees and support them with positive, supportive, and constructive feedback while utilizing meaningful and engaging activities to challenge them so that supervision process becomes more effective and meaningful. Research questions were discussed for the future studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Mental health educators are the most critical key individuals for enhancing the quality of mental health services.
“Mental health educators are the most critical key individuals for enhancing the quality of mental health services (50).”
From A proposed framework based on literature review of online contextual mental health services to enhance wellbeing and address psychopathology during covid-19 (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
The Findings: Important Points section says supervisors, educators, and professors are the most effective people on counselors-in-training. The Conclusion says attention to supervision is crucial to improving mental health services. The paper does not establish that mental health educators are the most critical individuals for improving service quality overall. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMental health professions strive to do this through their service, research, education, and advocacy.
“Mental health professions strive to do this through their service, research, education, and advocacy (50).”
From A proposed framework based on literature review of online contextual mental health services to enhance wellbeing and address psychopathology during covid-19 (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Rønnestad, M. H., & Skovholt, T. M. (2003) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/089484530303000102 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Approaching supervision from a developmental perspective: The counselor complexity model.
Stoltenberg, C. D. (1981) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.28.1.59 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L., & Macaulay, H. L. (2004) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01984.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
The New Handbook of Counseling Supervision
Borders, L. D., & Brown, L. L. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410613202 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Becoming psychotherapists: Experiences of novice trainees in a beginning graduate class.
Hill, C. E., Sullivan, C., Knox, S., & Schlosser, L. Z. (2007) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.44.4.434 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Critical Incidents Among Novice Counselor Trainees
Howard, E. E., Inman, A. G., & Altman, A. N. (2006) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2006.tb00015.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Cognitive Complexity Among Practicing Counselors: How Thinking Changes with Experience
Granello, D. H. (2010) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00155.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The Integrated Developmental Model of supervison: Scale development and validation procedures.
McNeill, B. W., Stoltenberg, C. D., & Romans, J. S. C. (1992) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.23.6.504 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Reviewing Videotape in Supervision: A Developmental Approach
Huhra, R. L., Yamokoski‐Maynhart, C. A., & Prieto, L. R. (2008) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00529.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Clinical supervision from a developmental perspective: Research and practice.
Stoltenberg, C. D., & McNeill, B. W. (1997) · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Learning to Think Like a Supervisor
Borders, L. D. (1993) · The Clinical Supervisor · doi:10.1300/j001v10n02_09 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Learning to be a Counselor: A Prepracticum Point of View
Woodside, M., Oberman, A. H., Cole-Zakrzewski, K. G., & Carruth, E. K. (2007) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2007.tb00035.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Interactive Training Model: Enhancing Beginning Counseling Student Development
Paladino, D. A., Minton, C. A. B., & Kern, C. W. (2011) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2011.tb00119.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Beginning Supervisees' Identity
Jordan, K. B. (2007) · The Clinical Supervisor · doi:10.1300/j001v25n01_04 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Aladağ, M. (2014). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminin farklı düzeylerinde bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulaması süpervizyonunda kritik olaylar. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 15(2), 428-475.
- Aladag, M., Yaka, B., & Koç, I. (2014). Opinions of counselor candidates regarding counseling skills training. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(3), 879-886.
- Atıcı, M., & Sabahattin, Ç. (2013). Okullarda PDR uygulamaları dersine ilişkin öğrenci görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(39), 106-119.
- Atı̇k, Z. E., ARICI, F., & Ergene, T. (2014). Süpervizyon modelleri ve modellere ilişkin. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(42), 305-317.
- Borders, L. D. (2016). The importance of clinical supervision to effective practice. In J. S. Young & C. S. Cashwell (Eds), Clinical mental health counseling: Elements of effective practice (pp. 287-312). Sage Publications. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2016). CACREP 2016 Standards. Retrieved from http://www.cacrep.org/wp- content/uploads/2015/05/2016-CACREP-Standards.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Çetinkaya, R. S., & Karaırmak, Ö. (2012). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde süpervizyon. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 107-121.
- Jordan, K., & Kelly, W. E. (2004). Beginning practicum students' worries: A qualitative investigation. Counseling & Clinical Psychology Journal, 1, 100-105.
- Meydan, B. (2015). Bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulamasında mikro beceri süpervizyon modeli'nin etkililiğinin incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43), 55 68.
- Özyürek, R. (2016). Okullarda psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik uygulamaları ve öğrencilere sağlanan süpervizyon olanakları: Ulusal bir tarama çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(32), 54-63.
- Pamuk, M., & Yıldırım, T. (2016). Psikolojik danışmanların bireysel psikolojik danışma uygulamaları ve bu uygulamalardaki yeterliklerine ilişkin algıları. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 1-20.
- Tanhan, A. (2014). Spiritual strength: The use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with Muslim Clients (unpublished master's thesis), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
- Tanhan, A. (2017). Mental health issues and seeking of formal mental health services among Muslims in the Southeastern U.S.: Preliminary investigation of a contextual theoretical framework based on the theory of planned behavior/theory of reasoned action and the social ecological model (Doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tanhan, A., & Strack, R. W. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00692-6 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationArslan, G. (2021) · Journal of Positive School Psychology · doi:10.47602/jpsp.v5i1.240 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Tanhan, A. (2020) · Journal of Turkish Studies · doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.44451 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationTanhan, A., Yavuz, K. F., Young, J. S., Nalbant, A., Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Ulusoy, S., Genç, E., Uğur, E., & Çiçek, İ. (2020) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/8316 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationTanhan, A. (2019) · Journal of Positive School Psychology · doi:10.47602/jpsp.v3i2.172 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationMuslims and Mental Health Services: A Concept Map and a Theoretical Framework
Tanhan, A., & Young, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01324-4 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationMuslims and mental health concerns: A social ecological model perspective
Tanhan, A., & Francisco, V. T. (2019) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22166 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationSupervision in Counselor Education: Exploration of Current Status and Standards in Turkey
Kalkan, B., & Can, N. (2019) · Adıyaman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.17984/adyuebd.592894 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kayabol, N. B. A., Özdemir, N. K., Güneri, O. Y., & Owen, F. K. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02434-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Psikolojik Danışma'nın Psikolojik Esnekliğe Etkisi: Yarı-Deneysel bir Çalışma
TANHAN, A., UĞUR, E., ÇİÇEK, İ., NALBANT, A., & KALENDEROĞLU, A. (2022) · e-International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.19160/e-ijer.1063518 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationEryılmaz, A., & Bektaş-Aydın, C. (2022) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-022-09486-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Telesupervision in counselling and psychotherapy: a systematic review of the literature
Ratcliffe, K., & Kaluževičiūtė, G. (2023) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2023.2264480 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
TERAPİDE PARADOKSAL MÜDAHALELER
Çi̇çek, İ., & Tanhan, A. (2020) · Adıyaman üniversitesi sosyal bilimler enstitüsü dergisi/Adıyaman üniversitesi sosyal bilimler enstitisü dergisi · doi:10.14520/adyusbd.684096 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacteristics of counselors-in-training as a mediator between their values and counseling skills
Kurnaz, M. F., Seki, T., & Dilmaç, B. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04592-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Deprem Sürecinde Kapsamlı Bağlamsal Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetleri: Kuramsal bir Çerçeve Önerisi
Tanhan, A., Terzioğlu, M., Nalbant, A., Ozturk, I., DOYUMĞAÇ, İ., Uğur, E., Ulusoy, S., Yavuz, F., Oyucu, S., & Arslan, G. (2026) · Artuklu Health · doi:10.58252/artukluhealth.1860062 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationKalkan, B., & Can, N. (2019) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
The Quran From The Perspective Of Acceptance And Commitment Therapy
Adam, F. F., & Gögen, R. (2024) · cumhuriyet ilahiyat dergisi · doi:10.18505/cuid.1525118
Unveiling the Hidden Struggles and Repressive Coping among Counselors-in-Training
Denzo, E., Ganibe, S. R., Anape, K. J. L., Quicio, K., & Ignacio, D. (2025) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2025.548
- Authors
- TANHAN, A.
- Affiliations
- Adıyaman University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- TANHAN, Ahmet
- ORCID
- TANHAN, Ahmet
- Venue
- Adıyaman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi
- Publisher
- Adiyaman University
- Published
- 2018-06-30
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-71
- ISSN
- 2149-2727 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2811309292
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Adıyaman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DergiPark (Istanbul University) (submittedVersion)
- DergiPark (Istanbul University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi
- Anadolu Üniversitesi
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Social Work Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology, Coaching, and Therapy
- Keywords
- beginning counselors, clinical supervision, counselor education, supervisor role, positive feedback, peer supervision, Turkey, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
