An Adaptation and Extension of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale 1
Abstract
Despite its utility, several conceptual and methodological concerns are raised regarding Fischer and Turner's (1970) Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPHS). These concerns were addressed in an adaptation and extension of the ATSPPHS using 208 adult volunteers. The new Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS) consists of 24 items and 3 internally consistent factors: psychological openness, help‐seeking propensity, and indifference to stigma. We replicated this 3‐factor model with 293 university undergraduates, and established test‐retest reliability with 23 student volunteers. Validity was demonstrated by the ability of the IASMHS to distinguish between those who had and had not used mental health services in the past, and those who would and would not use these services in the future. It also discriminated between participants’ intentions to use professional and nonprofessional help. Finally, expected gender differences in help‐seeking attitudes were demonstrated.
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The IASMHS is a 24-item measure that assesses three sub-scales: psychological openness, help-seeking propensity and indifference to stigma.
“This 24-item measure assesses three sub-scales: psychological openness, help-seeking propensity and indifference to stigma.”
From Testing the psychometric properties of the illness perceptions questionnaire for OCD (IPQ-O) (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Two psychometric papers centered on the reliability and validity of the Inventory of Attitudes towards Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS) [49, 84].
“Two centered on the reliability and validity of the Inventory of Attitudes towards Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS) [49, 84].”
From Explaining adults’ mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
Six studies (14%) specified physicians/general practitioners within their definition of help source [49, 55, 57, 67, 71, 75].
“Six studies (14%) also specified physicians/general practitioners within their definition [49, 55, 57, 67, 71, 75].”
From Explaining adults’ mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
The IASMHS was designed to improve upon the ATSPPHS by including items that directly target TPB predictor variables, but its three subscales only loosely reflect the TPB and contain other constructs such as mental health literacy, self-disclosure, avoidance coping, or self-concept clarity.
“The IASMHS was designed to improve upon this measure by including items, which directly target the TPB predictor variables; however, the three subscales of the IASMHS only loosely reflect the TPB and contain other constructs such as mental health literacy, self-disclosure, avoidance coping, or self-concept clarity [49, 76].”
From Explaining adults’ mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
The ATSPPHS has been widely used as a measure of help-seeking attitudes, but it precedes the TPB and its development was not guided by any explicit theoretical framework.
“For example, the ATSPPHS has been widely used as a measure of help-seeking attitudes; however, this tool precedes the TPB and its development was not guided by any explicit theoretical framework [49, 76].”
From Explaining adults’ mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L., & Macaulay, H. L.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mackenzie, Corey S.
- ORCID
- Mackenzie, Corey S.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2410-2433
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W2090062731
- Cited by
- 368
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- help-seeking attitudes, mental health services, open-mindedness, stigma, mental health service utilization, gender differences, scale adaptation, psychometric validation
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