CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 28Indigenous Health, Education, and RightsMigration, Education, Indigenous Social DynamicsIndigenous and Place-Based Education

The Intergenerational Effects of Residential Schools on Children’s Educational Experiences in Ontario and Canada’s Western Provinces

Open access
Feir, Donna L·2016·International Indigenous Policy Journal
DOI 10.18584/iipj.2016.7.3.5
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The intergenerational effects of Canada’s Indian Residential Schools have been widely discussed, but limited empirical work exists. I use the confidential wave of the 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey of Children and Youth (APSCY) to study the association between mothers’ residential school attendance and their children’s educational outcomes and experiences in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Holding a number of factors constant, I demonstrate that children whose mothers attended residential school are more likely to be suspended or expelled and have worse school experiences on average than children whose mothers did not. Children are also more likely to live off reserve and less likely to speak an Aboriginal language if their mothers attended a residential school. I also examine some contextual factors that may influence the relationship between mothers’ residential school attendance and their children’s educational outcomes. These findings suggest that dealing with the intergenerational legacy of residential schools is necessary for improving the educational outcomes of today’s Aboriginal youth.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.18584/iipj.2016.7.3.5

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 57

  1. Abu-Hilal, M. M. (2000). A structural model of attitudes towards school subjects, academic aspiration and achievement. Educational Psychology, 20(1), 75-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014434100110399 · DOI
  2. Ali, C., & Norton, E. C. (2003). Interaction terms in logit and probit models. Economics Letters, 80(1), 123-129. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(03)00032-6 · DOI
  3. Aman, C. (2009). Exploring the influence of school and community relationships on the performance of Aboriginal students in British Columbia public schools. In J. White, J. Peters, D. Beavon, & N. Spence (Eds.), Aboriginal education: Current crisis and future alternatives (pp.175-196). Toronto, ON: Thompson Educational Publishing.
  4. Avioli, P. S. (1989). The social support functions of siblings in later life: A theoretical model. The American Behavioral Scientist, 33(1), 45-57. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764289033001005 · DOI
  5. Bank, S. P. (1992). Remembering and reinterpreting the sibling bond. In F. Boer & J. Dunn (Eds.), Children's sibling relationships: Developmental and clinical issues (pp. 139-151). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  6. Barnes, R., Josefowitz, N., & Cole, E. (2005). Residential schools: Impact on Aboriginal students' academic and cognitive development. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 21(18), 18-32.
  7. Battisti, M., Friesen, J., & Krauth, B. (2014). English as a second dialect policy and achievement of Aboriginal students in British Columbia. Canadian Public Policy, 40(2), 182-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2012-093 · DOI
  8. Berry, J.W. (1999). Aboriginal cultural identity. Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 19(1), 1-36.
  9. Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2011). The impact of stressors on second generation Indian Residential School survivors. Transcultural Psychiatry, 48(4), 367-391. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461511410240 · DOI
  10. Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2013). Intergroup trust and forgiveness in relation to the government apology to Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Political Psychology, 34, 443-460. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12029 · DOI
  11. Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014). Appraisals of discriminatory events among adult offspring of Indian Residential School survivors: The influences of identity centrality and past perceptions of discrimination. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(1), 75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033352 · DOI
  12. Bougie, E. & Senécal, S. (2010). Registered Indian children's school success and intergenerational effects of residential schooling in Canada. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 1(1). doi: dx.doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2010.1.1.5 · DOI
  13. Currie, J. (2008). Healthy, wealthy, and wise: Socioeconomic status, poor health in childhood, and human capital development (working paper 13987). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  14. Currie, J., & Moretti, E. (2003). Mother's education and the intergenerational transmission of human capital: Evidence from college openings. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1495-1532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552856 · DOI
  15. Dee, T., & Penner, E. (2016). The causal effects of cultural relevance: Evidence from an ethnic studies curriculum (No. w21865). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21865 · DOI
  16. De Witte, K., Cabus, S., Thyssen, G., Groot, W., & van den Brink, H. M. (2013). A critical review of the literature on school dropout. Educational Research Review, 10, 13-28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2013.05.002 · DOI
  17. Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2012). The intergenerational transmission of risk and trust attitudes. The Review of Economic Studies, 79(2), 645-677. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdr027 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Dunn, J., & Kendrick, C. (1982). Sibling: Love, envy, and understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674330597 · DOI
  19. Elias, B., Mignone, J., Hall, M., Hong, S. P., Hart, L., & Sareen, J. (2012). Trauma and suicide behaviour histories among a Canadian Indigenous population: An empirical exploration of the potential role of Canada's residential school system. Social Science & Medicine, 74(10), 1560-1569. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.026 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Fairlie, R. W., Hoffmann, F., & Oreopoulos, P. (2011). A community college instructor like me: Race and ethnicity interactions in the classroom (No. w17381). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17381 · DOI
  21. Farver, J. A. M. (1993). Cultural differences in scaffolding pretend play: A comparison of American and Mexican-American mother-child and sibling-child pairs. In K. MacDonald (Ed.), Parent-child play: Descriptions and implications (pp. 349-366). Albany, NY: SUNY.
  22. Feir, D. (2013). Exploring the sources of Aboriginal earnings gaps in 1995 and 2005. Canadian Public Policy, 39(2), 309-334. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/CPP.39.2.309 · DOI
  23. Ford, D. Y., & Harris, J. J. (1996). Perceptions and attitudes of Black students toward school, achievement, and other educational variables. Child Development, 67(3), 1141-1152. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131884 · DOI
  24. Friesen, J., & Krauth, B. (2010). Sorting, peers, and achievement of Aboriginal students in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Economics, 43(4), 1273-1301. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2010.01614.x · DOI
  25. Gauthier, M. (2010). The impact of the residential school, child welfare system and intergenerational trauma upon the incarceration of Aboriginals (unpublished master's thesis). Faculty of Education, Queen's University, Kingston, ON.
  26. George, P., & Kuhn, P. (1994). The size and structure of Native-White wage differentials in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 27(4), 20-42. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135800 · DOI
  27. Glenn, C. (2011). American Indian/First Nations schooling: From the colonial period to present. New York: Palgrave MacMillian. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230119512 · DOI
  28. Greene, W. (2010). Testing hypotheses about interaction terms in nonlinear models. Economics Letters, 107(2), 291-296. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.02.014 · DOI
  29. Gresko, J. (1979). White 'rites' and Indian 'rites': Indian education and Native responses in the West. In D. C. Jones, N. M. Sheehan, & R. M. Stamp (Eds.), Shaping the schools of the Canadian West (pp.84-106). Calgary: Detselig.
  30. Gunn, T. M., Pomahac, G., Striker, E. G., & Tailfeathers, J. (2011). First Nations, Métis, and Inuit education: The Alberta initiative for school improvement approach to improve Indigenous education in Alberta. Journal of Educational Change, 12(3), 323-345. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10833-010-9148-4 · DOI
  31. Hawthorn, H. B. (1967). A survey of the contemporary Indians of Canada: Economic, political, educational needs and policies (Vol. 2). Ottawa: Indian Affairs Branch.
  32. Hetherington, E. M. (1989). Coping with family transition: Winners, losers, and survivors. Child Development, 60, 1-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131066 · DOI
  33. Hoffmann, F., & Oreopoulos, P. (2009). A professor like me: The influence of instructor gender on college achievement. Journal of Human Resources,44(2), 479-494. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2009.0024 · DOI
  34. Hudson, G., & MacDonald, D. B. (2012). The genocide question and Indian Residential Schools in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 45(2), 427-449. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000842391200039X · DOI
  35. Jacobs, E., & White, L. (1992). Liberating our children-Liberating our nations. Report of the Aboriginal Committee. Victoria: Family and Children's Services Legislation Review Community Panel-Aboriginal Committee.
  36. Kanu, Y. (2007). Increasing school success among Aboriginal students: Culturally responsive curriculum or macrostructural variables affecting schooling? Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 1(1), 21-41.
  37. Karaca-Mandic, P., Norton, E. C., & Dowd, B. (2012). Interaction terms in nonlinear models. Health Services Research, 47(1.1), 255-274. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01314.x · DOI
  38. Kirmayer, L. J., Brass, G. M., & Tait, C. L. (2000). The mental health of Aboriginal peoples: Transformations of identity and community. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(7), 607- 616.
  39. Mackay, R., & Myles, L. (1995). A major challenge for the education system: Aboriginal retention and dropout. In M. Battiste & J. Barman (Eds.), First Nations education in Canada: The circle unfolds (pp. 157-178). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  40. McFarlane, K.A. (1999). Educating First Nation children in Canada: The rise and fall of residential schooling (Unpublished master's thesis). Queen's University, Kingston, ON.
  41. Milevsky, A. (2005). Compensatory patterns of sibling support in emerging adulthood: Variations in loneliness, self-esteem, depression and life satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(6), 743-755. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056447 · DOI
  42. Milevsky, A., & Levitt, M. J. (2005). Sibling support in early adolescence: Buffering and compensation across relationships. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2(3), 299-320. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405620544000048 · DOI
  43. Miller, J. R. (1996). Shingwauk's vision: A history of Native residential schools. Toronto: University Toronto Press.
  44. Milloy, J. (1999). A National crime: The Canadian government and the Residential School System, 1879 to 1986. Winnipeg: The University of Manitoba Press.
  45. Morrison, G. M., Anthony, S., Storino, M. H., Cheng, J. J., Furlong, M. J., & Morrison, R. L. (2001). School expulsion as a process and an event: Before and after effects on children at risk for school discipline. New Directions for Youth Development, 92, 45-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.23320019205 · DOI
  46. Mota, N., Elias, B., Tefft, B., Medved, M., Munro, G., & Sareen, J. (2012). Correlates of suicidality: Investigation of a representative sample of Manitoba First Nations adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1353-1361. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300385 · DOI
  47. O'Gorman, M., & Pandey, M. (2015). Explaining low high school attainment in Northern Aboriginal Communities: An analysis of the Aboriginal People's surveys. Canadian Public Policy, 41(4), 156-165. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2015-002 · DOI
  48. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP). (1997). Residential schools (chapter 10). In Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Vol. 1: Looking Forward Looking Back. Part Two: False Assumptions and a Failed Relationship [CD-ROM]. Ottawa: Libraxus.
  49. Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J. Rolf, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181-214). New York: Cambridge University Press. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511752872.013 · DOI
  50. Sandler, I. N. (1980). Social support resources, stress, and maladjustment of poor children. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 41-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00892280 · DOI
  51. Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1079-1092. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1079 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Smith, D., Varcoe, C., & Edwards, N. (2005). Turning around the intergenerational impact of residential schools on Aboriginal people: Implications for health policy and practice. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 37(4), 38-60.
  53. Statistics Canada. (2006). Aboriginal Peoples technical report, 2006 Census (2 nd ed.) [Catalogue no. 92-569-XWE]. Ottawa: Statistics Canada
  54. Stonefish, B. (2007). Moving beyond: Understanding the impacts of residential school. Owen Sound: Ningwakwe Learning Press.
  55. Szaz, M. C. (2006). Through a wide angle lens: Acquiring and maintaining power, position, and knowledge through boarding schools. In C. E. Trafzer, J. A. Keller, & L. Sisquoc (Eds.), Boarding school blues: Revisiting American Indian educational experiences. Omaha: University of Nebraska Press.
  56. Tobin, T. J., & Sugai, G. M. (1999). Using sixth-grade school records to predict school violence, chronic discipline problems, and high school outcomes. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 7, 40-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106342669900700105 · DOI
  57. White, J. P., Maxim, P., & Spence, N. D. (2004). An examination of educational success. In J. White, P. Maxim, & D. Beavon (Eds.), Aboriginal policy research: Setting the agenda for change (Vol. 1, pp. 129-145). Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Feir, D. L.
Affiliations
University of Victoria (CA)
Corresponding author
Feir, Donna L
ORCID
Feir, Donna L
Venue
International Indigenous Policy Journal
Publisher
University of Western Ontario, Western Libraries
Published
2016-07-28
Volume
7
Issue
3
ISSN
1916-5781 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.18584/iipj.2016.7.3.5
OpenAlex
W2524758478
Cited by
28
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 18 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1
FWCI
0.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Indigenous Policy Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Migration, Education, Indigenous Social Dynamics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Indigenous and Place-Based Education
Keywords
Indian residential schools, intergenerational effects, Aboriginal youth, educational outcomes, student suspension and expulsion, school experience, indigenous education, Ontario, Western Canada

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review