The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 100 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States
Open accessAbstract
Data about Indigenous populations in the United States are inconsistent and irrelevant. Federal and state governments and researchers direct most collection, analysis, and use of data about U.S. Indigenous populations. Indigenous Peoples’ justified mistrust further complicates the collection and use of these data. Nonetheless, tribal leaders and communities depend on these data to inform decision making. Reliance on data that do not reflect tribal needs, priorities, and self-conceptions threatens tribal self-determination. Tribal data sovereignty through governance of data on Indigenous populations is long overdue. This article provides two case studies of the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe and their demographic and socioeconomic data initiatives to create locally and culturally relevant data for decision making.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The article argues that data about U.S. Indigenous populations are inconsistent, irrelevant, poor quality, mistrusted, and externally controlled, which threatens tribal self-determination. It uses two case studies—Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe—to show how community-engaged, nation-driven data collection and governance can produce trusted, relevant data for policy and resource allocation.
Key findings
- The paper identifies five critical problems with Indigenous population data: they are often inconsistent, irrelevant, poor quality, collected/used in an environment of mistrust, and controlled by external actors. It cites 2010 Census counts of 5.2 million AIAN-heritage Americans (about 2% of the U.S. population) and 567 federally recognized tribal nations as of May 2016.
- Ysleta del Sur Pueblo appended a socioeconomic survey to its annual enrollment update beginning in 2008; from 2008 to 2014 the survey had an average 90% response rate. The tribe used its data to successfully challenge HUD’s rejection of an Indian Community Development Block Grant application and win approval for the Tigua Technology Enterprise Center, and data supported an enrollment policy change from 1/8 blood quantum.
- Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe’s Voices project conducted face-to-face surveys in 2012 and 2013 with 819 families in 547 structures (150 respondents consented to voice recording). It found 47% of residents unemployed, 42% of unemployed seeking work (about 2,000 adults), and 78% participating in traditional arts and crafts microenterprise, leading to a microloan program and a workforce survey with 428 participants.
- Across both cases, community engagement, tribal control of methods/analysis/storage, and data use for internal and external decisions enhanced self-determination and governance; the authors argue data governance should begin with “What do we want to know?” rather than “What can we collect?”
Methods
- Qualitative case study design, part of a larger research project on Indigenous health and tribal data sovereignty, examining two tribal data initiatives: Ysleta del Sur Pueblo’s demographic/socioeconomic data project and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe’s Tribal Ventures Voices Research Project.
- Data sources included a review of relevant literatures, interviews and follow-up communications with Ysleta del Sur and Cheyenne River co-researchers, additional conversations with project participants, and analysis of documents/reports produced by both tribal data projects.
- The University of Arizona Institutional Review Board approved the case study process; both tribes agreed to participate and partnered in the research from conception to publication.
Limitations
- Stated limitations: Not stated in the paper.
- Evident limitations (not stated as such): the analysis covers only two selected, successful tribal data initiatives that agreed to participate, so findings may not generalize to other tribes or contexts; the study relies on literature, interviews/conversations, and project documents/reports rather than independent outcome measurement.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
13 of 100 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Researchers, local, state, and federal governments, as well as for and non-profit entities, create data about U.S. Indigenous nations and peoples (Bruhn, 2014;DeWeaver, 2010;Freemantle et al., 2015;Red Star Innovations, 2015;Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016;Tribal Epidemiology Centers, 2013).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bruhn, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Other Jurisdictions section describes researchers and tribal governments collecting data in a U.S. community, and the section on the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board describes a tribal organization generating data about U.S. Indigenous peoples (pages not provided). The copy does not establish the claim’s full list of data creators—particularly U.S. local, state, and federal governments and for-profit entities. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites DeWeaver, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says data about tribal populations are developed by federal, state, and local governments, and “From data sovereignty to data dependence” identifies scholarly sources of Indian country data. The Introduction also mentions industry and NGOs as users of data generally, but the passages do not establish that for-profit and nonprofit entities create data about U.S. Indigenous nations and peoples. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Yet for Indigenous populations and nations, standardized data often do not exist (Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016;Tribal Epidemiology Centers, 2013).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Indigenous Nations and Peoples in the United States
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “From data sovereignty to data dependence,” the paper says there is no statistical standard for collecting and reporting American Indian tribal population data across U.S. agencies. This supports the claim for U.S. tribes, but the passage does not establish it for Indigenous populations and nations generally; it also points to a New Zealand tribal data standard. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites Snipp, 2016 source
In “Data about what and for what? Data content” (page unavailable), Snipp says American Indian tribes typically lack the resources to collect survey or census data routinely and that a comparable national survey has never been conducted in the United States. “Privacy and confidentiality” adds that data for some tribal communities are virtually nonexistent; the paper also notes similar accounting difficulties for Indigenous peoples elsewhere. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Tribal Epidemiology Centers, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, U.S. mortality data derived from vital statistics for Indigenous Peoples are not always available for tribal jurisdictions (Anderson, Copeland, & Hayes, 2014;Freemantle et al., 2015).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Anderson, Copeland, & Hayes, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper (section headed “RACE/ETHNICITY REPORTING ON DEATH CERTIFICATES”; page unavailable in our copy) says vital statistics can produce mortality statistics for small areas, but AI/AN racial misclassification makes them unreliable. It proposes linking death certificates with tribal membership records to improve statistics for tribal populations. It does not establish that vital-statistics mortality data are unavailable for tribal jurisdictions. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not matchedcites Freemantle et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The United States collects data for monitoring and surveillance purposes (Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “From data sovereignty to data dependence” (page unavailable), the paper describes federal oversight of American Indians and mandatory federal grant reporting, which supports a narrower claim about data collection for oversight. It does not describe US data collection generally as being for surveillance purposes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites Snipp, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Data about what and for what? Data content” section says settler states may collect data to monitor and surveil Indigenous communities, in a discussion of American Indians in the United States. It does not establish as a general fact that the United States collects data for that purpose; the citing sentence removes both the qualification and the population scope. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition, iwis (tribes) themselves have exerted control over the data about their peoples, environments, and businesses (Hudson, Farrar, & McLean, 2016).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > The Indigenous Data Sovereignty Movement
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hudson, Farrar, & McLean, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes Te Whakatōhea collecting and stewarding records about tribal members and commercial activities, and ‘Establishing tribal rights and interests in data’ describes its information systems and digital archive, including maps. But the paper presents this as one iwi’s developing practice and proposed rights; it does not establish that iwi generally have already exerted control over data about their peoples, environments, and businesses. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indigenous data sovereignty and governance of data for and about U.S. Indigenous nations and peoples ensures the purposeful collection and use of data to advance Indigenous aspirations for collective and individual wellbeing (Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Rodriguez-Lonebear & Rainie, 2016;Te Mana Raraunga, 2016).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > The Indigenous Data Sovereignty Movement
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 source
In “The pursuit of tribal data sovereignty” (page unavailable), the paper describes tribal control over data collection and use as a way to produce information that serves tribes’ own conceptions of development. It also says tribal data drive nation building, while “From data sovereignty to data dependence” describes making data useful to tribes in pursuit of their goals. These passages support the cited sentence’s account of purposeful data governance for Indigenous aspirations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Rodriguez-Lonebear & Rainie, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Te Mana Raraunga, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Tribal use of tribal data, whether collected by the tribe or by others, lies at the heart of tribal data governance (Smith, 2016).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > The Indigenous Data Sovereignty Movement
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Smith, 2016 source
The Introduction asks who should have authority to collect, interpret and use data about Indigenous peoples. The ‘From datum nullius to data sovereignty’ section says strengthening Indigenous governance requires both control over externally created colonial data archives and alternative data produced for Indigenous peoples’ own purposes. Together, these passages support the claim that using tribal data matters regardless of who collected it. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
In the paper
“The BIA did not produce a subsequent report until the 2014 release of the 2013 report based on 2010 data (U.S.Department of the Interior, 2014).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Indigenous Nations and Peoples in the United States
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites U.S.Department of the Interior, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data also cannot be aggregated to levels useful for tribes, such as identifying the total population of tribal citizens or the number of tribal citizens and non-citizens in a particular geographic area.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Tribes submitted data to BIA, but because of a lack of resources at the tribal level to collect and transmit data reporting was sometimes incomplete (Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2008;Capriccioso, 2012;Laverdure, 2012).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Indigenous Nations and Peoples in the United States
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Capriccioso, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Laverdure, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 35
- Probably not a substantial claim. 53
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Lack of consistent and relevant data that meets the needs and visions of Indigenous nations limits the ability of policymakers to make informed decisions, thereby hampering tribal self-determination and capable governance (Cross et al., 2004;DeWeaver, 2013;Freemantle et al., 2015;Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cross et al., 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites DeWeaver, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016 source
The Introduction says American Indian nations need reliable information to make decisions but often must use data collected for other governments’ aims. “From data sovereignty to data dependence” says inconsistent standards make effective policymaking difficult and that tribes lack reliable, appropriately disaggregated data for sound policy and nation rebuilding. The supplied passages do not provide page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This inadequately characterizes populations and insufficiently informs policy and resource allocation decisions (Bruhn, 2014;Cross et al., 2004;DeWeaver, 2010DeWeaver, , 2013;;Freemantle et al., 2015;Red Star Innovations, 2013;Rodriguez-Lonebear, 2016;Snipp, 2016;Todd, 2012;Westat, 2007).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bruhn, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The Lingering Effects of Colonialism” (page unavailable), Bruhn says externally imposed data can be of limited use for First Nations and government administrators and may not reflect community priorities. The discussion of the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board (page unavailable) also says incomplete or inaccurate tribe-specific data hindered health-service decisions. The copy does not establish the claimed comparison between self-reported tribal affiliation, tribal enrollment information, and tribally designed specifications. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not matchedcites Cross et al., 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Westat, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tribal enrollment information or tribally designed specifications are more adequate for characterizing Indigenous populations and informing policy than self-reports of tribal affiliation.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indigenous nation data governance represents the comprehensive process by which tribes address the collection, ownership, control, and application of their data (Bruhn, 2014).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > The Indigenous Data Sovereignty Movement
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bruhn, 2014 source
The ‘Components of Data Governance’ section describes governance as covering data creation, access, management, and day-to-day use. The ‘Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession’ section applies ownership and control to First Nations data and describes community use of those data for planning and reporting. Together, these passages support the citing sentence as a broad paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The Department of the Interior cited inconsistencies and misunderstandings in reporting requirements and survey methodology errors as the reasons for the gap in reporting (Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2008;Capriccioso, 2012;Laverdure, 2012).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Indigenous Nations and Peoples in the United States
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bureau of Indian Affairs, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Capriccioso, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Laverdure, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a contemporary incident, researchers obtained consent and collected blood samples from Havasupai tribal citizens in Arizona to study the genetics of diabetes.Researchers then used these blood samples for purposes not listed on the consent form, such as analyzing the genetics of schizophrenia, and shared the data publicly as well as with personnel outside the research study, which violated the”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Mistrust
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cochran et al., 2008 source
- Not matchedcites Shaffer, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the advice of an American Indian Advisory Committee, the Bureau implemented a comprehensive enumeration on reservations by oversampling households in reservation communities for the 2000 U.S. Census (Maury & Pemberton, 2009).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Maury & Pemberton, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The U.S. Census Bureau implemented changes to the ACS in 2011 to address issues of small sample size; the impact of these changes is yet uncertain-only the 2016 aggregated 5-year report will assess the impact of the 2011 change (DeWeaver, 2013).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DeWeaver, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In large part, data are only shared with community members in technical language that is difficult understand or not returned at all.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Mistrust
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the sample size each year is smaller than the previous long-form U.S. Census sample size; the ACS samples fewer than four million individuals per year while the 2000 U.S. Census long-form sampled 17.5 million.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These 10 data sources had no less than seven ways of identifying tribes.Four used U.S. Census self-report questions.Six others utilized sources that varied form Certificate Degree of Indian Blood from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to blood quantum to lineal descent.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rodriquez-Lonebear, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Compared to previous reports, the 2014 release changed methodologies by combining tribally submitted data with U.S. Census data.The report also stopped collecting some information, added information, and altered how tribes had to report other information.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Indigenous Nations and Peoples in the United States
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites U.S.Department of the Interior, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“During the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census processes, the Bureau attempted to improve their data on Indigenous Peoples by directly contacting tribal governments to share information about the decennial Census process (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites U.S. Census Bureau, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The 2000 U.S. Census recorded the median household income of about $22,100”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“in 2005, the BIA reported 88% unemployment on the reservation”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites U.S. Department of the Interior, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the housing inventory was augmented making affordable housing more available for citizens”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2015c
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ysleta del Sur leaders decided that community engagement was key to developing a comprehensive land-use plan for the community.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Cheyenne River 2006 to 2016 poverty reduction plan, A Path for Our People, in partnership with the Northwest Area Foundation, seeks to create sustainable partnerships and strategies to address poverty on the Cheyenne River reservation”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2015a, n.d.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“With a reservation population over 10,000, this translates to approximately 2,000 adults seeking work, documenting the great need for jobs on the reservation”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 2008 to 2014, the survey had an average 90% response rate.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As a result, the land-use plan discusses non-Indigenous uses for lands and describes the relationships between people and the land, individuals' roles in the community, and the importance of land for cultural continuity (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2012a).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2012a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The data helped to justify a microloan program from the tribe's community development fund to support the arts and crafts producers and to assist the artists in creating small businesses”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2011b, 2015e
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2008, Ysleta del Sur implemented its Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (hereafter, Development Strategy).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ysleta del Sur provided HUD with the pueblo's 2010 socioeconomic profile data, as well as information about the survey design and methodology”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2012b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on a review of the literature, we have identified five critical problems with Indigenous population data today.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-profits and others validated and trusted these data, providing much needed resources to develop the sector.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Strategic Responses to Critical Data Challenges
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tribe has a Tribal Research Review Board ordinance in the approval process, and Voices staff members have begun conversations with leadership and departments about improving data stewardship and management.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The census data failed to reflect the serious decline in the pueblo's economy triggered by the State of Texas' 2002 closure of the Ysleta del Sur's gaming operations.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Voices also generated interest in tribal regulation and governance of research and data and in research as an activity by and for Cheyenne River people.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the face of poor quality socioeconomic data as a result of shifting economic conditions, Ysleta del Sur collected and used their own data to successfully challenge HUDs reliance on U.S. Census data.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Strategic Responses to Critical Data Challenges
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data about Indigenous populations in the United States are inconsistent and irrelevant.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 1928, the Meriam Report cited the lack of accurate statistics about Indians as a major problem and suggested the need for additional questions to better reflect the population (Lewis Meriam and Associates, 1928).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lewis Meriam and Associates, 1928
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Federal and state governments and researchers direct most collection, analysis, and use of data about U.S. Indigenous populations.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indigenous nations may have far different information needs that reflect Indigenous perceptions of vibrant, sustainable communities and nations.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The U.S. Census Bureau and tribes have taken a number of steps to improve census counts.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“External control of data leads to inconsistent and irrelevant U.S. Indigenous population data, and Indigenous Peoples' mistrust of data.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indigenous Peoples' justified mistrust further complicates the collection and use of these data.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This process enhanced tribal data and statistical reports.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, with the migration to collecting socioeconomic data using the American Community Survey (ACS) after the 2000 U.S. Census, the U.S. Census Bureau lost ground in their pursuit of improved socio-economic data (DeWeaver, 2013).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Irrelevant
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites DeWeaver, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reliance on data that do not reflect tribal needs, priorities, and self-conceptions threatens tribal self-determination.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contaminant exposure calculations and guidelines are based on mainstream consumption rates.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Inconsistent Data on Indigenous populations in the U.S. are largely collected by the U.S. Census Bureau, federal and state agencies, tribes, and other entities (Cross et al., 2004;DeWeaver, 2010DeWeaver, , 2013;;Freemantle et al., 2015;Todd, 2012;Westat, 2007).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Indigenous Nations and Peoples in the United States
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cross et al., 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites DeWeaver, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Westat, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Such changes make it difficult for tribes to rely on these data for decision-making and effectively prohibit analysis of changes over time (U.S.Department of the Interior, 2014).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Indigenous Nations and Peoples in the United States
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites U.S.Department of the Interior, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gathered and administered for purposes defined by others, this information rarely meets tribes' data needs in two important ways: a. Data do not exist to inform tribal needs, and b.Existing data cannot be aggregated in ways meaningful to tribes.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A data revolution is afoot in Indigenous nations and communities worldwide.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > The Indigenous Data Sovereignty Movement
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Where once the U.S. government and others reported data regularly-such as the biennial Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) labor force reports, Indian Health Service (IHS) statistics every two to three years, Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) annual data on American Indians and crime-the federal government no longer issues those reports with the same consistency or at all (Shalala, Trujillo, Harry, Sk”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Indigenous Nations and Peoples in the United States
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shalala, Trujillo, Harry, Skupien, & D'Angelo, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites U.S. Department of Justice, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A master's-level data specialist employed by the Ysleta del Sur and University of Texas El Paso consultants brought Western scientific knowledge about sociology and economics to the process.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A committee composed of community members, leaders, and department heads provided guidance to the Economic Development Department staff.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indigenous nations have begun asserting Indigenous data sovereignty and instituting governance over their data.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > The Indigenous Data Sovereignty Movement
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To meet the Development Strategy goals, Ysleta del Sur needed demographic and socioeconomic data to establish a baseline, monitor progress toward objectives, and implement changes as needed.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The research employed a random, stratified, disproportionate sample; researchers contacted every fourth house in each reservation community and surveyed up to five families per structure”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The project's principal investigator and advisory committee reviewed and approved each analysis”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Development Strategy vision of economic development fostered cultural preservation and improved quality of life.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gomez et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inherent in Indigenous nations' rights to the information is the implied responsibility to govern data.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > The Indigenous Data Sovereignty Movement
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The department gathered citizen input through focus groups and planning sessions, and held community meetings to educate citizens and descendants on data terminology, to explain how Ysleta del Sur's data differs from and expands on other available data, and to share how Ysleta del Sur's government uses the data to make decisions.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The department's director, an Ysleta del Sur citizen, contributed community and cultural knowledge as well as management and business expertise.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both tribes agreed to participate in the research and became partners in the entire process from conception to publication.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Extensive community engagement through meetings and focus groups guided the selection of survey variables, the length of the survey, question wording, and data collection methods”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, n.d.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An interdisciplinary team informed the creation of survey questions that wove together cultural and local knowledge with Western epistemologies.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2012 and 2013, the project conducted face-to-face surveys with 819 families living in 547 structures; 150 respondents consented to voice recording of their interviews”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Ventures, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 819Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 14-member advisory committee guided the community-based project, including creation of the research protocol, survey questions, marketing, surveying, data analysis, as well as community and public presentations of project findings”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In Canada, discussions of data sovereignty and data governance for Indigenous nations have resulted in developing Indigenous owned and controlled national datasets (First Nations Information Governance Centre, 2012, 2016;Martens et al., 2010;Smylie et al., 2011), as well as community-based, nation-driven data governance (British Columbia First Nations' Data Governance Initiative, 2015, n.d.;Mustim”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > The Indigenous Data Sovereignty Movement
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites First Nations Information Governance Centre, 2012, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Martens et al., 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Smylie et al., 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Demonstrating the benefits of data and including the community in the process yielded support from leaders and citizens and trust in the socioeconomic profile plan.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The tribal enrollment office serves as the main data storage facility for all data at Ysleta del Sur (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2015e).”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Two Tribal Data Initiatives
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, 2015e
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only tribal nations can exercise Indigenous data sovereignty and practice data governance.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Considerations for Tribes and Others
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through Voices, the tribe developed the capacity to collect its own data, to tell its own stories, and to formulate creative solutions for the problems facing Cheyenne River communities.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Informing Policy Decisions and Resource Allocation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such an approach allows for Indigenous data sovereignty and control, enhances community trust in data, and may improve data availability, quality, and relevance.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But they also demonstrate that it is not enough for tribes simply to take over data collection, even if they have the resources to do so.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such an approach allows for Indigenous data sovereignty and control, enhances community trust in data, and may improve data availability, quality, and relevance.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tribal data initiatives offered in this article argue for the self-determination, sovereignty, and governance benefits of investing in a different and more strategic approach to data for Indigenous nations.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two tribal data projects resulted in higher quality and relevant population data that their citizens trust and the respective nation controls.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, tribal sovereignty with respect to data and Indigenous nation governance of data includes both data generated by tribes as well as data about tribal nations, communities, and citizens generated by others.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Considerations for Tribes and Others
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such an approach allows for Indigenous data sovereignty and control, enhances community trust in data, and may improve data availability, quality, and relevance.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Cheyenne River Voices research project exemplifies a large-scale, in-depth survey to provide local, relevant population data to guide tribal decisions and to direct funding.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing data relevance, availability, and quality for all users of data on Indigenous Peoples, lands, and resources requires broad collaboration.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Considerations for Tribes and Others
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once that knowing is in hand, data governance also implies using the information to enhance self-determination.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the crux of Indigenous nation data governance is data use.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > External Control
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The University of Arizona Institutional Review Board approved the case study process.”
§ Data as a Strategic Resource: Self-determination, Governance, and the Data Challenge for Indigenous Nations in the United States > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The two case studies of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe are representative enough to support general conclusions about U.S. tribes embracing Indigenous data sovereignty and data governance.
“As we show with two case studies here, U.S. tribes have begun to interact with and embrace Indigenous data sovereignty and data governance as a means to assert their rights to create data by and for their nations and peoples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Tribal enrollment information or tribally designed specifications are more adequate for characterizing Indigenous populations and informing policy than self-reports of tribal affiliation.
“As a result, the data from the U.S. Census, administrative databases, and many surveys include self-reports of tribal affiliation, rather than tribal enrollment information or tribally designed specifications.This inadequately characterizes populations and insufficiently informs policy and resource allocation decisions”
The paper relies on this without support.
Indigenous individuals and communities mistrust of data, its collection, and use is the result of past negative experiences with data collection and research, as well as lack of community involvement in data processes.
“Indigenous individuals and communities mistrust of data, its collection, and use is the result of past negative experiences with data collection and research, as well as lack of community involvement in data processes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Much of the data that tribes can access or use has been collected or organized by others.
“Much of the data that tribes can access or use has been collected or organized by others.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Persistent data inaccuracies exist across sectors.
“Persistent data inaccuracies exist across sectors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Available data do not inform the questions tribes have nor is it available at the level of aggregation that tribes need.
“Available data do not inform the questions tribes have nor is it available at the level of aggregation that tribes need.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The answers to data governance questions may be very different from answers in non-Indigenous communities.
“However, the answers may be very different from answers in non-Indigenous communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
These questions are not unique to the two tribes or to communities in general.
“These questions are not unique to the two tribes or to communities in general.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The two case accounts (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe) are representative or sufficient to support general conclusions about Indigenous data efforts.
“The two tribal data initiatives summarized in these case accounts demonstrate that community-based, nation-driven strategic data initiatives can yield previously unavailable information for policy decisions and resource allocation.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Single-race AIAN share does not match the reported population totals
MinorThe stated 2.9 million people are about 55.8% of the stated 5.2 million reporting AIAN heritage, not 49%.
Reported 49 · recomputed 55.769231
“The single race AIAN population, or those individuals reporting AIAN heritage alone, comprised 2.9 million people, or 49% of those reporting AIAN heritage.”
Citations
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rainie, S. C., Schultz, J. L., Briggs, E., Riggs, P., & Palmanteer-Holder, N. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Bush Foundation (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- International Indigenous Policy Journal
- Published
- 2017-03-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1916-5781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2612250463
- Semantic Scholar
- 95ff89feb27455101e04cd727c7393951d85242c
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 29.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Indigenous Policy Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Udall Foundation
- W.K. Kellogg Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Keywords
- Indigenous data sovereignty, tribal self-determination, data governance, Indigenous data, Indigenous governance, Indigenous decision-making, demographic data, socioeconomic data
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-30, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-30 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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