Building a data revolution in Indian country

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

As the Indian Wars concluded and American Indians were relegated to reservations, much of the data gathering on which they depended for generations also forcibly ceased.

“As the Indian Wars concluded and American Indians were relegated to reservations, much of the data gathering on which they depended for generations also forcibly ceased.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Every tribe has clearly defined tribal population boundaries.

“Without delving into the tribal blood quantum debate, suffice to say that every tribe has clearly defined tribal population boundaries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Existing data on tribal populations are often limited to those developed by others, usually federal, state and local governments.

“However, existing data on tribal populations are often limited to those developed by others-usually federal, state and local governments.”

May combine two claims.

The federal government does not rely on tribal records for official tribal population numbers; instead, most agencies utilise tribal self-identification counts from the US Census.

“The federal government does not rely on tribal records for official tribal population numbers; instead, most agencies utilise tribal self-identification counts from the US Census.”

May combine two claims.

Tribal census counts are used to calculate federal funding formulas, which in turn allocate money for vital services to American Indian tribes.

“This has serious implications for tribes because tribal census counts are used to calculate federal funding formulas, which in turn allocate money for vital services to American Indian tribes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The focus of American Indian demography remains on the national and regional levels, utilising census counts of American Indians.

“The focus of American Indian demography remains on the national and regional levels, utilising census counts of American Indians.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Analysis at the tribal population or subpopulation level is too often missing from the data picture.

“Too often missing from this data picture is analysis at the tribal population or subpopulation level.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Given the shortage of skilled data analysts throughout Indian country, analysing data in statistically sound ways that yield robust figures may be a challenge.

“Given the shortage of skilled data analysts throughout Indian country, analysing data in statistically sound ways that yield robust figures may be a challenge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

High rates of suicide, diabetes, unemployment and substance abuse are but a few of the pervasive deficit statistics used to characterise native populations.

“High rates of suicide, diabetes, unemployment and substance abuse are but a few of the pervasive deficit statistics used to characterise native populations”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The data collection activities of tribes now largely revolve around mandatory federal grant reporting, and many tribes employ grant officers or administrators to oversee these efforts.

“The data collection activities of tribes now largely revolve around mandatory federal grant reporting, and many tribes employ grant officers or administrators to oversee these efforts.”

May combine two claims.

Ishi's brain was eventually repatriated to the Redding Rancheria and Pit River tribes, restoring their control over a small portion of tribal data and gaining some semblance of overdue justice.

“Ishi's brain was eventually repatriated to the Redding Rancheria and Pit River tribes, restoring their control over a small portion of tribal data and gaining some semblance of overdue justice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In 2015-16, the US Census Bureau hosted eight tribal consultations to discuss the tribal enrolment question with tribal leaders.

“In 2015-16, the US Census Bureau hosted eight tribal consultations to discuss the tribal enrolment question with tribal leaders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Currently, the Census Bureau is testing the possibility of a tribal enrolment question in the 2020 census.

“Currently, the Census Bureau is testing the possibility of a tribal enrolment question in the 2020 census.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The same tribal leader explained that his tribe needs all kinds of data, but especially population projections.

“He explained that his tribe needs all kinds of data, but especially population projections.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Several interviewees talked at length about the need to depart from blood quantum.

“Several of my interviewees talked at length about the need to depart from blood quantum.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

25 per cent (n = 155) of federally recognised tribes are now designated 'self-governance tribes'.

“the 25 per cent (n = 155) of federally recognised tribes that are now designated 'self-governance tribes'foot_2”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One interviewee mentioned the sense of responsibility he felt as a tribal leader to change the system.

“One mentioned the sense of responsibility he felt as a tribal leader to change the system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other tribal leaders expressed similar concerns about the future of their tribes if current and future generations cannot formally claim a tribal identity.

“Other tribal leaders expressed similar concerns about the future of their tribes if current and future generations cannot formally claim a tribal identity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This tribal leader referred to data as objective-the opposite of a personal motivation.

“This tribal leader referred to data as objective-the opposite of a personal motivation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Some tribes are retaking control of data governance.

“Some tribes are retaking control of data governance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This is a major oversight given the political, social and cultural importance of American Indian tribes as sovereign nations within the US political system.

“This is a major oversight given the political, social and cultural importance of American Indian tribes as sovereign nations within the US political system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

As governance entities, tribes are the pre-eminent units of measurement for the collective dispersal of federal funding.

“Furthermore, as governance entities, tribes are the pre-eminent units of measurement for the collective dispersal of federal funding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Data are not a new concept to American Indians; they have long been data gatherers and data experts.

“First, I argue that data are not a new concept to American Indians; they have long been data gatherers and data experts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indigenous peoples suffer from a dearth of relevant information about their populations despite generations of contentious external data collection efforts in their communities.

“Indigenous peoples, for example, suffer from a dearth of relevant information about their populations, and this is so despite generations of contentious external data collection efforts in their communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A tribal enrolment question in the 2020 census will enable more detailed analyses of self-identified tribal populations and could perhaps yield more accurate tribal counts.

“This question will enable more detailed analyses of self-identified tribal populations and could perhaps yield more accurate tribal counts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

American Indian tribes face a paucity of data about their own populations.

“In the data mecca of the United States, American Indian tribes 1 face a paucity of data about their own populations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Official data drive mainstream agendas and do not reflect indigenous social structures, realities or aspirations.

“Scholars in indigenous demography contend that this is largely because official data drive mainstream agendas and do not reflect indigenous social structures, realities or aspirations (Taylor 2009;Axelsson & Sköld 2011).”

• cites Taylor 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Axelsson & Sköld 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Despite the limitations of official statistics, they remain critical sources of evidence that tribes can use in pursuit of their goals.

“Despite the limitations of official statistics, they remain critical sources of evidence that tribes can use in pursuit of their goals.”

May combine two claims.

For indigenous peoples, data were everywhere, and survival was often tied to one's ability to gather, analyse and share this knowledge.

“For indigenous peoples, data were everywhere, and survival was often tied to one's ability to gather, analyse and share this knowledge.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Contemporary tribal governments endure varying stages of federal dependency, including data dependency.

“The reality is that contemporary tribal governments endure varying stages of federal dependency, including data dependency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Today, there is a tribal data revolution under way in the United States.

“Today, there is a tribal data revolution under way in the United States.”

May combine two claims.

Indigenous peoples were relentlessly empirical with advanced systems of knowledge.

“Yet, contrary to colonial narratives of savagery and unsophistication, indigenous peoples were relentlessly empirical with advanced systems of knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Nonresponse to the enrolment question could be high and thus contribute to more data inequities for American Indians and Alaska Natives.

“Conversely, nonresponse to the enrolment question could be high and thus contribute to more data inequities for American Indians and Alaska Natives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Ishi's story demonstrates how the exertion of tribal sovereignty over data can achieve some measure of justice.

“Ishi's story also demonstrates how the exertion of tribal sovereignty over data can achieve some measure of justice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Both the tribal pursuit of nation rebuilding and the federal investment pursuant to the fiduciary relationship between tribes and the US Government point to the need for more comprehensive tribal data systems.

“Both the tribal pursuit of nation rebuilding and the federal investment pursuant to the fiduciary relationship between tribes and the US Government point to the need for more comprehensive tribal data systems.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: American Indian nations are decision-making entities that need reliable information about their citizens.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A key aspect of tribal sovereignty is the sole right of tribes to determine tribal citizenship.

“A key aspect of tribal sovereignty is the sole right of tribes to determine tribal citizenship.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Tribes are disrupting the legacy of colonisation and systems of data administration to which they have been subject.

“Drawing from this tradition, tribes are disrupting the legacy of colonisation and systems of data administration to which they have been subject.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This statement identifies another connection between tribal data and tribal survival.

“Moreover, this statement identifies another connection between tribal data and tribal survival.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Tribes in the United States are still catching up to the levels of indigenous data governance occurring in New Zealand, Australia and Canada.

“Tribes in the United States are still catching up to the levels of indigenous data governance occurring in our sister countries: New Zealand, Australia and Canada.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This dependency is no less a threat to tribal sovereignty than any other legal constraint facing tribes.

“This dependency is no less a threat to tribal sovereignty than any other legal constraint facing tribes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Whereas our ancestors practised data gathering for survival and resistance, today, tribes are engaged in data gathering for sovereignty.

“Whereas our ancestors practised data gathering for survival and resistance, today, tribes are engaged in data gathering for sovereignty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Viewing data governance through the lens of tribal sovereignty strengthens the nation-to-nation relationship between tribes and other sovereigns because it commands policy development on tribal terms.

“Viewing data governance through the lens of tribal sovereignty strengthens the nation-tonation relationship between tribes and other sovereigns because it commands policy development on tribal terms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

All Indian tribes contend with problematic and inaccurate enumeration by other sovereigns.

“All Indian tribes are currently facing the same data circumstances: they encounter gaps in their own tribal data infrastructure; they are subject to administrative data collections that do not meet their needs; they contend with problematic and inaccurate enumeration by other sovereigns; and they face barriers to creating a skilled data workforce, or 'data warriors'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Data governance is facilitated by tribal sovereignty.

“Data governance, for example, is facilitated by tribal sovereignty; it also reinforces tribal sovereignty by providing the tribal evidence base required to advance self-determination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The data sovereignty revolution in Indian country is going to be built tribe by tribe and community by community.

“The data sovereignty revolution in Indian country is going to be built tribe by tribe and community by community.”

May combine two claims.

Each of the 567 federally recognised American Indian tribes has their own nation-to-nation relationship with the US Government, which is expressly addressed in Article 1, section 8 of the US Constitution.

“Each of the 567 federally recognised American Indian tribes has their own nation-to-nation relationship with the US Government, which is expressly addressed in Article 1, section 8 of the US Constitution-also referred to as the 'Commerce Clause'.”

• cites Article 1, section 8Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tribes are engaging in data sovereignty projects and developing best practices that other tribes can utilise to meet similar objectives.

“Despite these resounding obstacles, we see that tribes are engaging in data sovereignty projects and developing best practices that other tribes can utilise to meet similar objectives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Tribal data are perhaps the most valuable tools of self-determination because they drive tribal nation building by tribes for tribes.

“Tribal data are perhaps the most valuable tools of self-determination because they drive tribal nation building by tribes for tribes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Less attention is paid to tribal sovereignty as a self-reinforcing exercise than to legal battles to uphold sovereignty and tribal jurisdiction.

“While American Indian tribes continuously fight legal battles to uphold sovereignty and tribal jurisdiction, less attention is paid to tribal sovereignty as a self-reinforcing exercise.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

In the United States, we are witnessing the beginning of a paradigm shift in which American Indian tribes are becoming data gatherers again, reclaiming the data-rich practices of survival that our ancestors employed since time immemorial.

“In the United States, we are witnessing the beginning of a paradigm shift in which American Indian tribes are becoming data gatherers again, reclaiming the data-rich practices of survival that our ancestors employed since time immemorial.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

For too long, tribes have relied on external data sources for tribal decision-making.

“For too long, tribes have relied on external data sources for tribal decision-making.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The role of tribal data in advancing citizenship changes became clear.

“Moreover, the role of tribal data in advancing citizenship changes became clear.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Data governance reinforces tribal sovereignty by providing the tribal evidence base required to advance self-determination.

“Data governance, for example, is facilitated by tribal sovereignty; it also reinforces tribal sovereignty by providing the tribal evidence base required to advance self-determination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Tribal data building continues as a critical catalyst for tribal nation rebuilding.

“Tribal data building continues as a critical catalyst for tribal nation rebuilding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Self-governance tribes are already exercising tribal sovereignty to a greater extent than 'direct service tribes'.

“As these tribes are already exercising tribal sovereignty to a greater extent than 'direct service tribes', they are ideally positioned to guide the tribal data revolution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The tribal data that do exist are often framed as inferior to data collected by other governments.

“The tribal data that do exist are often framed as inferior to data collected by other governments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Many tribes are not in a position to undertake expansive research projects that require extensive technical infrastructure, time and skills.

“While the ultimate goal might be 100 per cent 'by us for us', the reality is that many tribes are not in a position to undertake expansive research projects that require extensive technical infrastructure, time and skills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This conversation highlights a critical connection between tribal decision-making and tribal data.

“This conversation highlights a critical connection between tribal decision-making and tribal data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Indigenous peoples and tribal nations have survived despite every effort to ensure our demise.

“Indigenous peoples and tribal nations have survived despite every effort to ensure our demise.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The key to our survival is the fact that our peoples have always been data gatherers.

“The key to our survival is the fact that our peoples have always been data gatherers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Self-governance tribes are ideally positioned to guide the tribal data revolution.

“As these tribes are already exercising tribal sovereignty to a greater extent than 'direct service tribes', they are ideally positioned to guide the tribal data revolution.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The MCT project demonstrates how 'by tribes for tribes' does not mean that external expertise cannot be utilised.

“The MCT project, in addition to being an excellent example of tribal demographic research, demonstrates how 'by tribes for tribes' does not mean that external expertise cannot be utilised.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

We still operate in silos in Indian country.

“One of the obstacles, however, is that we still operate in silos in Indian country.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The autonomy of Indian tribes extends far beyond the quasi-sovereign status afforded by the federal government.

“This statement illustrates how the autonomy of Indian tribes extends far beyond the quasi-sovereign status afforded by the federal government.”