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Gender and Representation Bias in GPT-3 Generated Stories
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Using topic modeling and lexicon-based word similarity, we find that stories generated by GPT-3 exhibit many known gender stereotypes.Generated stories depict different topics and descriptions depending on GPT-3's perceived gender of the character in a prompt, with feminine characters 1 more likely to be associated with family and appearance, and described as less powerful than masculine characters, even when associated with high power verbs in a prompt.Our study raises questions on how one can avoid unintended social biases when using large language models for storytelling.
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“GPT-3 has been used to generate articles (Transformer et al., 2022), stories (Lucy & Bamman, 2021), and other types of written content, with some users reporting that the generated text is difficult to distinguish from text written by humans (Elkins & Chun, 2020).”
From Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT (2024) · cites this paper as Lucy & Bamman, 2021
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Bruyn, M. D., Lotfi, E., Buhmann, J., & Daelemans, W. M. P. (2022) · Workshop on Generation, Evaluation and Metrics (GEM) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.gem-1.46 · Cited by 2
Dewitte, P. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4773907 · Cited by 2
Addressing Gender Bias in Generative Large Language ModelsPreprint
Zhou, H., Inkpen, D. Z., & Kantarcı, B. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4670889/v1 · Cited by 2
Manjón, S. G., & Castillejo-De-Hoces, B. (2023) · methaodos revista de ciencias sociales · doi:10.17502/mrcs.v11i2.721 · Cited by 1
GENDER EQUALITY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Бадаревски, Б. (2023) · Годишен зборник на Филозофскиот факултет/The Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje · doi:10.37510/godzbo2376805b · Cited by 1
Uso ético do ChatGPT na pesquisa acadêmica
dos Santos, A. A. L., Ramos, A. S. M., & de Andrade, A. P. V. (2025) · Gestão org · doi:10.51359/1679-1827.2025.266173 · Cited by 3
MUSE: A Multimodal, Generative, and Symbolic Framework for Human Experience Modeling
Hasan, M. R. (2025) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3716553.3750735 · Cited by 1
Rewriting Stories with LLMs: Gender Bias in Generated Portuguese-language Narratives
Silva, M. O., Brandão, M. A., & Moro, M. M. (2025) · Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society · doi:10.5753/jbcs.2025.5799 · Cited by 1
Constella: Supporting Storywriters’ Interconnected Character Creation through LLM-Based Multi-Agents
Park, S., Park, S., & Lim, Y.-K. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3796234 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Lucy, L., & Bamman, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Narrative Understanding
- Published
- 2021
- Pages
- 48-55
- OpenAlex
- W3168771811
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 41.66
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1942591, 1752814)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
- Keywords
- gender stereotypes, representation bias, GPT-3, large language models, story generation, character gender
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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