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Multimodal Language Analysis in the Wild: CMU-MOSEI Dataset and Interpretable Dynamic Fusion Graph
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AmirAli Bagher Zadeh, Paul Pu Liang, Soujanya Poria, Erik Cambria, Louis-Philippe Morency. Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2018.
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“This dataset encompasses 3837 videos collected from over 1000 distinctive YouTube speakers, with a reasonably balanced gender distribution of 57% male and 43% female speakers, highlighting the dataset’s focus on inclusivity.”
From A Survey of Deep Learning-Based Multimodal Emotion Recognition: Speech, Text, and Face (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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“The thematic diversity of the CMU-MOSEI dataset is notable, with a spread across 250 different themes. The three predominant themes are comments (16.2%), debates (2.9%), and consultations (1.8%), while the rest of the themes are nearly evenly distributed.”
From A Survey of Deep Learning-Based Multimodal Emotion Recognition: Speech, Text, and Face (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“One of CMU-MOSEI’s unique characteristics is its annotations at the utterance level, with 23,259 samples annotated in this manner.”
From A Survey of Deep Learning-Based Multimodal Emotion Recognition: Speech, Text, and Face (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“The CMU Multimodal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity (CMU-MOSEI) dataset [30] is a crucial resource in multimodal sentiment analysis and emotion recognition, distinguished by its scale, which is unmatched in the field.”
From A Survey of Deep Learning-Based Multimodal Emotion Recognition: Speech, Text, and Face (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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“We generate open-ended AQAs about speech using the four commonly used datasets IEMOCAP [23], MOSEI [24], LibriTTS [25], and Vox-Celeb2 [26,27].”
From Joint Audio and Speech Understanding (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., & Li, L. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme59968.2025.11210197 · Cited by 3
“The CMU-MOSEI [10] dataset provides annotations for both tasks, and models like MTL [1] and UniMSE [2] have introduced unified frameworks to address them collaboratively.”
InfluentialIMCN: Identifying Modal Contribution Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
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“CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI used COVAREP [24] to obtain acoustic features XA and Facet to obtain facial expression features XV .”
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“Additionally, implementing emotion classification for anger detection requires considerable processing parameters[20, 21], making it resource-intensive in terms of battery and memory.”
BackgroundMultimodal rough set transformer for sentiment analysis and emotion recognition
Sun, X., He, H., Tang, H., Zeng, K., & Shen, T. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligence Systems (CCIS) · doi:10.1109/ccis59572.2023.10263177 · Cited by 3
“…and the results on the CMU - MOSEI dataset are shown in Table II, the results Major fusion model CAE - LR[30] 78.00 CNN MFN[8] 76.00 RNN Graph - MFN[9] 76.90 RNN RAVEN[25] 79.10 RNN Mu - Net[27] 82.10 RNN MMLatch[28] 82.40 RNN MCTN [33] 79.80 Transformer LMF - MulT[31] 80.80 Transformer MulT[13]…”
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“We compare the proposed PSACF with the current state-of-the-art MER methods on the CMU-MOSI [10] and CMU-MOSEI [11] datasets.”
A Comprehensive Survey on Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
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Pattun, G., & Kumar, P. (2025) · International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation · doi:10.54392/irjmt2528 · Cited by 4
“A largest data set contains 23l utterances [47, 58].”
Modality-Guided Refinement Learning for Multimodal Emotion Recognition
Cho, S. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3554708 · Cited by 4
Emolysis: A Multimodal Open-Source Group Emotion Analysis and Visualization Toolkit
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Using Speaker-Aligned Graph Memory Block in Multimodally Attentive Emotion Recognition Network
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“We evaluate our framework on a large speaker set CMU-MOSEI database [17] and achieve a 74.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUsing Multimodal Transformers in Affective Computing
Vazquez-Rodriguez, J. (2021) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW) · doi:10.1109/aciiw52867.2021.9666396 · Cited by 4
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“In 2018, Bagher Zadeh’s team introduced CMU Multimodal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity (CMU-MOSEI), the largest dataset of sentiment analysis and emotion recognition at that time [31].”
BackgroundContextualized Representations for Low-resource Utterance Tagging
Paranjape, B., & Neubig, G. (2019) · Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue · doi:10.18653/v1/w19-5909 · Cited by 3
“…conversations have been collected in different domains to support research in data-driven dialogue systems (Serban et al., 2015), affective computing (Zadeh et al., 2018; Busso et al., 2008; Park et al., 2014), clinical psychology (Althoff et al., 2016) and tutoring systems (Sinha et al., 2015).”
BackgroundVariational Fusion for Multimodal Sentiment AnalysisPreprint
Majumder, N., Poria, S., Krishnamurthy, G., Chhaya, N., Mihalcea, R. F., & Gelbukh, A. F. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1908.06008 · Cited by 5
“MARN (Zadeh et al., 2018c) In this model the intra-modal and cross-modal interactions are modeled with hybrid LSTM memory component.”
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“Benchmark datasets on multi-modal ER include the IEMOCAP (Busso et al., 2008), MOUD (P´erez-Rosas et al., 2013), ICT-MMMO (W¨ollmer et al., 2013), MOSI (Zadeh et al., 2016) and MOSEI (Bagher Zadeh et al., 2018) datasets.”
Emerging Trends of Multimodal Research in Vision and Language.Preprint
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“Additionally, for CMU-MOSEI, the Graph Memory Fusion Network (Graph-MFN) (Zadeh et al., 2018b) and a multi-task learning (MTL)”
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“C A R , some previously collected datasets harvested YouTube as their primary source [27], [28].”
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“We evaluate our model on four widely used multimodal sentiment analysis datasets, namely SIMS [20], SIMSV2 [10], MOSI [53], and MOSEI [29].”
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“2) CMU-MOSEI: It is a large multimodal sentiment analysis and gender-balanced emotional dataset [28], consisting of 22 856 videos derived from 5000 videos and 1000 distinct speakers [28].”
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InfluentialLUCID: lexicon-augmented fusion with ordinal calibration for multimodal sentiment analysis
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“We conduct experiments on two widely used English multimodal sentiment analysis benchmarks, CMU-MOSI [35] and CMU-MOSEI [36], as well as one Chinese dataset, CH-SIMS [37].”
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“The heat map presented in the figure clearly depicts the corresponding Acc-2 values when the audio dimension and the visual dimension are combined with different values of 16, 32, 48, 64, 80 and 96 respectively.”
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Yu, J., Li, M., Deng, H., Gao, W. G. W., & Zhu, X. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7081-2_34 · Cited by 2
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“Fig.1(a)illustrates that in the MOSEI dataset [16], approximately 65.97% of sentiment values lie within the narrow range [ − 1, 1].”
InfluentialChowdhury, J. H., & Ramanna, S. (2026) · Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1111/coin.70219 · Cited by 2
“Fuzzy and Rough Set techniques have recently been applied to multimodal emotion recognition [20, 21] because they are effective in addressing key challenges such as uncertainty, ambiguity, and heterogeneity across multimodal data sources.”
Liu, Z., Liu, S., Yan, W., Song, P., Song, Y., & Gao, R. (2026) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3774904.3792577 · Cited by 2
“These datasets are respectively named: MOSEI [49], MELD [31], SIMS-V2 [24], and CHERMA [33].”
Kushwaha, N., Cambria, E., & Hussain, A. (2026) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-026-10573-y · Cited by 2
“● The model achieves exceptional performance with 96.23% average accuracy across seven bench - mark datasets (IEMOCAP [ 10 ], CMU-MOSEI [ 27], MELD [8], RAVDESS [28 ], CMU-MOSI, CREMA-D [29], SAVEE), representing improvements of 7.97– 10.04% over baseline neural-only approaches, while maintaining…”
InfluentialSelf-citationA survey on multimodal explainable Artificial Intelligence
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“In practice, multi-view learning has been widely used for personality recognition when multi-modal data is available [42], [44], [45], [46].”
BackgroundMethodNFCMF: Noise Filtering and CrossModal Fusion for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
Su, G., He, J., Li, X., Lu, M., & Yang, H. (2021) · International Conference on Asian Language Processing · doi:10.1109/ialp54817.2021.9675197 · Cited by 2
Bimodal Emotion Recognition for the Patients with Depression
Wang, X., Zhao, S., & Wang, Y. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP) · doi:10.1109/icsip52628.2021.9688837 · Cited by 2
“During that year, Zadeh et al. also built up their own dataset, the CMU-MOSEI dataset [6].”
BackgroundInformation Bottleneck based Representation Learning for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Xiang, S., & Wu, T. (2022) · International Conference on Control Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (CCEAI) · doi:10.1145/3522749.3523069 · Cited by 2
“CMU-MOSEI also provides emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise which annotated on a [0,3] Likert scale.”
MethodInfluentialLarge Pretrained Models on Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
Song, Y., Fan, X., Yang, Y., Ren, G., & Pan, W. (2022) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9423-3_63 · Cited by 2
A Dual-branch Enhanced Multi-task Learning Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
Geng, W., Li, X., & Bian, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3591106.3592260 · Cited by 2
“Compared with the single branch network (SBEM, variant of DBEM model) and SOTA network models, the experimental results on the two public datasets CH-SIMS [20] and CMU-MOSEI [24] validate the effectiveness of the DBEM model.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBody-Focused Expression Analysis: A Conceptual Framework
Rodrigues, J. M. F., & Cardoso, P. J. S. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35897-5_42 · Cited by 3
USURP: Universal Single-Source Adversarial Perturbations on Multimodal Emotion Recognition
Low, Y.-Y., Phan, R. C. ‐., Pal, A., & Chang, X. (2023) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222572 · Cited by 2
“The CMU Multimodal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity (CMU-MOSEI) [19] contains 23,453 annotated video segments from 1,000 distinct speakers and 250 topics acquired from social media channels.”
BackgroundYang, Y.-C. B., & Zhang, L. (2023) · doi:10.1145/3607542.3617355 · Cited by 2
“Many datasets like CMU-MOSEI [29] only record the speaker’s voice and facial expressions, which makes the trained model inaccurate in real-world scenarios, and the speaker’s voice is mainly English, while our RTS dataset is in French.”
BackgroundAn End-to-End Transformer with Progressive Tri-Modal Attention for Multi-modal Emotion Recognition
Wu, Y., Peng, P., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., & Qin, B. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8540-1_32 · Cited by 2
Feng, B. (2024) · Applied and Computational Engineering · doi:10.54254/2755-2721/33/20230224 · Cited by 2
Guhan, P., Awasthi, N., McDonald, K., Bussell, K., Reeves, G. M., Manocha, D., & Bera, A. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/46390 · Cited by 7
“There exist datasets such as Carnegie Mellon University Multimodal Corpus of Sentimental Intensity (CMU-MOSI) [22], Carnegie Mellon University Multimodal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity (CMU-MOSEI) [23], and Stanford Emotional Narratives Dataset (SEND) [24] that capture such settings.”
Enhancing Multimodal Sentiment Recognition Based on Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning
Cui, L., & Yang, S. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme57554.2024.10688113 · Cited by 2
“In this study, we evaluate the proposed framework using three benchmark datasets, namely CMU-MOSI [15], CMU-MOSEI [16], and CH-SIMS [20].”
MethodZhao, H., Ju, Y., & Gao, Y. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) · doi:10.1109/icme57554.2024.10688301 · Cited by 2
“For example, RGCN [10] can handle the influence of different edge types on nodes, which is ignored by GCNs. Graph-MFN [11]and MMDFN [6] both use dynamic fusion graph.”
MethodInfluentialYang, J., Wang, L., Qi, Y. F., Chen, H., & Li, J. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14199121 · Cited by 2
“The CMU-MOSEI (Multimodal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity) dataset contains more than 23,000 video clips covering the six basic emotions, with each clip containing audio, text, and video information [14].”
A Cross-Multi-modal Fusion Approach for Enhanced Engagement Recognition
Dresvyanskiy, D., Karpov, A. A., & Minker, W. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78014-1_1 · Cited by 2
Hierarchical Fusion Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
Hua, Y., Ji, R., Yang, S., Geng, Y., Gao, W., & Tan, Y. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (PRML) · doi:10.1109/prml62565.2024.10779845 · Cited by 2
“Two benchmark datasets for multimodal sentiment analysis, CMU-MOSI (CMU Multimodal Opinion Sentiment Intensity) [23] and CMU-MOSEI (CMU Multimodal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity) [15], are used to evaluate the model, and their data partition structure is shown in Table I.”
Enhancing Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with Dynamic Weight Adjustment and Adversarial Training
Zhu, Y., & Liu, X. (2024) · China Automation Congress (CAC) · doi:10.1109/cac63892.2024.10865061 · Cited by 2
Investigating HuBERT-Based Speech Emotion Recognition Generalisation Capability
Li, L., Glackin, C., Cannings, N., Veneziano, V., Barker, J. W., Oduola, O., Woodruff, C., Laird, T., Laird, J., & Sun, Y. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84353-2_16 · Cited by 2
Nguyen, D.-K., Lim, E., Kim, S.-H., Yang, H.-J., & Kim, S. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15052862 · Cited by 2
“Regarding the CH-SIMS dataset, this work follows the approaches by Liu et al. [29] and Zadeh et al. [28], recording the experimental results in two formats: multiclass classification and regression.”
BiMSA: Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Based on BiGRU and Bidirectional Interactive Attention
Wang, Q., Yu, H., Wang, Y., & Bian, H. (2025) · The European Journal on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1177/30504554251319444 · Cited by 2
“The CMU-MOSEI dataset surpasses its predecessor, the CMU-MOSI dataset (Zadeh et al., 2018).”
Feng, C., Yang, H., Wang, S., & Li, X. (2025) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-025-07474-6 · Cited by 3
“We conducted experiments on two public academic datasets: CMU-MOSI [23] and CMU-MOSEI [24].”
Modality emotion semantic correlation analysis for multimodal emotion recognition
Zhang, Y., Xie, D., Luo, D., & Sun, B. (2025) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110467 · Cited by 2
Towards Emotion Analysis in Short-form Videos: A Large-Scale Dataset and Baseline
Wu, X., Sun, H., Xue, J., Nie, J., Kong, X., Zhai, R., Huang, D., & He, L. (2025) · International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3731715.3733453 · Cited by 4
“Besides, different from the human-centered VEA datasets ( e.g. , [4, 37, 62]), eMotions originating from SVs is directed towards in-the-wild scenes, implying that the emotional elicitation requires the whole duration, not short clips of video.”
Multi-Microphone and Multi-Modal Emotion Recognition in Reverberant Environment
Cohen, O., Hazan, G., & Gannot, S. (2025) · European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) · doi:10.23919/eusipco63237.2025.11226096 · Cited by 2
A Cross-Modal Attention and Multi-task Learning Based Approach for Multi-modal Sentiment Analysis
Song, Y., Fan, X., Yang, Y., Ren, G., & Pan, W. (2022) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9423-3_20 · Cited by 2
MSDD: A Multimodal Language Dateset for Stance Detection
Hu, M., Liu, P., Wang, W., Zhang, H., & Lin, C. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28953-8_10 · Cited by 3
Zhao, T. G., Peng, J., Wang, L., & Zheng, C. (2023) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc53992.2023.10393942 · Cited by 2
“CMU-MOSEI [19] is an additional supplement to the CMU-MOSI dataset, which consists of 22,856 video clips from YouTube.”
MethodResearch Advanced in Multimodal Emotion Recognition Based on Deep Learning
Kong, W. (2024) · Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.54097/p3yprn36 · Cited by 2
“[8] proposed a dynamic fusion graph (DFG) technique to fuse multiple modalities.”
MethodQuantum-inspired Multimodal Representation.
Li, Q., & Melucci, M. (2019) · Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) · Cited by 2
Improving Emotional Expression Recognition of Robots Using Regions of Interest from Human Data
Bloem, A. C., Barakova, E. I., Hootsmans, I. M., Opheij, L. M., Toebosch, R., Kerzel, M., & Barros, P. V. A. (2020) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3371382.3378359 · Cited by 2
“With the recent ease to training and deploying deep learning models and the availability of "in-the-wild" datasets [12, 20, 26, 27], emotion recognition in real-life interactions with technologies such as robots became possible and many related applications are in rapid development [15, 17, 18, 24].”
BackgroundMulti-Head Modularization to Leverage Generalization Capability in Multi-Modal Networks
Lee, J.-T., Park, H., Yun, S., & Chang, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v36i7.20698 · Cited by 2
“We evaluate our method for the multi-modal sentiment analysis on CMU-MOSEI (Zadeh et al. 2018) dataset which includes 23,454 movie review video clips.”
MethodLeveraging Pre-trained Language Model for Speech Sentiment AnalysisPreprint
Shon, S., Brusco, P., Pan, J. S., Han, K. J., & Watanabe, S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.06598 · Cited by 2
“The evaluation was performed on a large sentiment dataset published by [9] that mitigates drawbacks in conventional datasets such as being scripted [11] or single speaker monologues [12].”
A Multimodal Sentiment Dataset for Video RecommendationPreprint
Tang, H., Liu, H., Xiao, X., & Wu, H. R. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.08333 · Cited by 2
“For example, concatenation (Cambria et al., 2017), Tensor Fusion Network (TFN) (Zadeh et al., 2017), Low-rank Multimodal Fusion (LMF) (Liu et al., 2018), Memory Fusion Network (MFN) (Zadeh et al., 2018a), Dynamic Fusion Graph (DFG) (Zadeh et al., 2018b).”
InfluentialRelay Variational Inference: A Method for Accelerated Encoderless VIPreprint
Zadeh, A., Benoit, S., & Morency, L. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.13422 · Cited by 2
“CMU-MOSI Dataset: CMU Multimodal Sentiment Intensity (CMU-MOSI) is an in-the-wild dataset of multimodal sentiment analysis [15].”
Self-citationPrefAce: Face-Centric Pretraining with Self-Structure Aware Distillation
Hu, S., Wang, Z., Hu, P., Peng, X., Wu, J., Zhu, H., & Ong, Y.-S. (2024) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v38i11.29147 · Cited by 2
“…(MS-celeb-1M (Guo et al. 2016)), Facial Attribute Recognition(CelebA (Liu et al. 2015), CelebV-HQ (Zhu et al. 2022)), Facial Emotion Recognition (CMU-MOSEI (Bagher Zadeh et al. 2018)), DeepFake Detection (FF++ (Rossler et al. 2019)) and Lip Synchronization (LRS2 (Chung and Zisser-man 2017)).”
BackgroundEnhancing Emotion Detection with Sentiment Analysis InsightsPreprint
Parker, E., Nasir, W., & Benson, O. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0059.v1 · Cited by 2
Introduction to Applied Affective Computing
Tian, L., Oviatt, S. L., Muszyński, M., Chamberlain, B. C., Healey, J., & Sano, A. (2022) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3502398.3502400 · Cited by 1
Emotion Recognition in the Wild
Tian, L., Oviatt, S. L., Muszyński, M., Chamberlain, B. C., Healey, J., & Sano, A. (2022) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3502398.3502404 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Bagher Zadeh, A., Liang, P. P., Poria, S., Cambria, E., & Morency, L.-P.
- Affiliations
- California Miramar University (US)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
- Published
- 2018
- Pages
- 2236-2246
- ISSN
- 0736-587X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2883409523
- Cited by
- 1,433
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 281 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 266 · 2023: 202 · 2022: 153 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 17.41
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Keywords
- CMU-MOSEI, multimodal fusion, emotion recognition
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