Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in English

Attention Is All You Need

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Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

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BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

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Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation

Pennington, J., Socher, R., & Manning, C. (2014) · Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1162 · Cited by 34,071 · see citing works

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Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention

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Hierarchical Attention Networks for Document Classification

Yang, Z., Yang, D., Dyer, C., He, X., Smola, A. J., & Hovy, E. H. (2016) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/n16-1174 · Cited by 4,874 · see citing works

Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learning

Doshi-Velez, F., & Kim, B. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1702.08608 · Cited by 3,121 · see citing works

Attention is not Explanation

Jain, S., & Wallace, B. C. (2019) · North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/n19-1357 · Cited by 2,287 · see citing works

Predicting judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: a Natural Language Processing perspective

Αλέτρας, Ν., Tsarapatsanis, D., Preoțiuc-Pietro, D., & Lampos, V. (2016) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.93 · Cited by 813 · see citing works

Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text

Mullenbach, J., Wiegreffe, S., Duke, J., Sun, J., & Eisenstein, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/n18-1100 · Cited by 597 · see citing works

Legal Judgment Prediction via Topological Learning

Zhong, H., Guo, Z., Tu, C., Xiao, C., Liu, Z., & Sun, M. (2018) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1390 · Cited by 369 · see citing works

Learning to Predict Charges for Criminal Cases with Legal Basis

Luo, B., Feng, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, X., & Zhao, D. (2017) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/d17-1289 · Cited by 329 · see citing works

Few-Shot Charge Prediction with Discriminative Legal Attributes

Hu, Z., Li, X., Tu, C., Liu, Z., & Sun, M. (2018) · International Conference on Computational Linguistics · Cited by 171 · see citing works

'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage'; Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions

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Interpretable Charge Predictions for Criminal Cases: Learning to Generate Court Views from Fact Descriptions

Ye, H., Jiang, X., Luo, Z., & Chao, W. (2018) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/n18-1168 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Extracting contract elements

Chalkidis, I., Androutsopoulos, I., & Michos, A. (2017) · doi:10.1145/3086512.3086515 · Cited by 132 · see citing works

Predicting the Law Area and Decisions of French Supreme Court Cases

Şulea, O.-M., Zampieri, M., Vela, M., & van Genabith, J. (2017) · International conference Recent advances in natural language processing · doi:10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_092 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Obligation and Prohibition Extraction Using Hierarchical RNNs

Chalkidis, I., Androutsopoulos, I., & Michos, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/p18-2041 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Extreme Multi-Label Legal Text Classification: A Case Study in

Chalkidis, I., Fergadiotis, E., Malakasiotis, P., Αλέτρας, Ν., & Androutsopoulos, I. (2019) · Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop (NLLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/w19-2209 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Legal docket-entry classification

Nallapati, R. M., & Manning, C. D. (2008) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/1613715.1613771 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Legal NERC with ontologies, Wikipedia and curriculum learning

Cardellino, C., Teruel, M., Alemany, L. A., & Villata, S. (2017) · Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/e17-2041 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Historical Analysis of Legal Opinions with a Sparse Mixed-Effects Latent Variable Model

Wang, W. Y., Mayfield, E., Naidu, S., & Dittmar, J. E. (2012) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Bargaining in the Shadow of Big DataPreprint

Stevenson, D. D., & Wagoner, N. J. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2325137 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: looking into the crystall ball

Medvedeva, M., Vols, M., & Wieling, M. B. (2018) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 12 · see citing works

On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models

Bommasani, R., Hudson, D. A., Adeli, E., Altman, R., Arora, S., von Arx, S., Bernstein, M. S., Bohg, J., Bosselut, A., Brunskill, E., et al. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.07258 · Cited by 2,676 · see citing works

FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness

Dao, T., Fu, D. Y., Ermon, S., Rudra, A., & Ré, C. (2022) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2205.14135 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works

LEGAL-BERT: The Muppets straight out of Law School

Chalkidis, I., Fergadiotis, M., Malakasiotis, P., Αλέτρας, Ν., & Androutsopoulos, I. (2020) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.261 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works

How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligence

Zhong, H., Xiao, C., Tu, C., Zhang, T., Liu, Z., & Sun, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.466 · Cited by 420 · see citing works

Lawformer: A pre-trained language model for Chinese legal long documents

Xiao, C., Hu, X., Liu, Z., Tu, C., & Sun, M. (2021) · AI Open · doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2021.06.003 · Cited by 301 · see citing works

A comparative study of automated legal text classification using random forests and deep learning

Chen, H., Wu, L., Chen, J., Lu, W. P., & Ding, J. (2021) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102798 · Cited by 248 · see citing works

Analyzing Leakage of Personally Identifiable Information in Language Models

Lukas, N., Salem, A., Sim, R., Tople, S., Wutschitz, L., & Zanella-Béguelin, S. (2023) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp46215.2023.10179300 · Cited by 181 · see citing works

ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation

Malik, V., Sanjay, R., Nigam, S. K., Ghosh, K., Guha, S. K., Bhattacharya, A., & Modi, A. (2021) · Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.313 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Untitled work

(2021) · doi:10.1145/3462757.3466088 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

Exploring LLMs Applications in Law: A Literature Review on Current Legal NLP Approaches

Siino, M., Falco, M., Croce, D., & Rosso, P. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3533217 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English

Chalkidis, I., Jana, A., Hartung, D., Bommarito, M. J., Androutsopoulos, I., Katz, D. M., & Aletras, N. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3936759 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challenges

Cui, J., Shen, X., & Wen, S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3317083 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Scalable and explainable legal prediction

Branting, L. K., Pfeifer, C., Brown, B. C., Ferro, L., Aberdeen, J. S., Weiss, B., Pfaff, M. S., & Liao, B. (2020) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-020-09273-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Interpretable Long-Form Legal Question Answering with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models

Louis, A., DIJCK, G. V., & Spanakis, G. (2024) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v38i20.30232 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

PLM-ICD: Automatic ICD Coding with Pretrained Language Models

Huang, C.-W., Tsai, S.-C., & Chen, Y.-N. (2022) · Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop (ClinicalNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.clinicalnlp-1.2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Rethinking the field of automatic prediction of court decisions

Medvedeva, M., Wieling, M. B., & Vols, M. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09306-3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Explainable AI tools for legal reasoning about cases: A study on the European Court of Human Rights

Collenette, J., Atkinson, K. M., & Bench-Capon, T. J. M. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2023.103861 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Multi-label legal document classification: A deep learning-based approach with label-attention and domain-specific pre-training

Song, D., Vold, A., Madan, K., & Schilder, F. (2021) · Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.is.2021.101718 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Paragraph-level Rationale Extraction through Regularization: A case study on European Court of Human Rights Cases

Chalkidis, I., Fergadiotis, M., Tsarapatsanis, D., Aletras, N., Androutsopoulos, I., & Malakasiotis, P. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.22 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

De-Biased Court’s View Generation with Causality

Wu, Y., Kuang, K., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Sun, C., Xiao, J., Zhuang, Y., Si, L., & Wu, F. Q. (2020) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.56 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Legal Judgment Prediction via Event Extraction with Constraints

Feng, Y., Li, C., & Ng, V. (2022) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.48 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Neural natural language processing for long texts: A survey on classification and summarization

Tsirmpas, D., Gkionis, I., Papadopoulos, G. T., & Mademlis, I. (2024) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2024.108231 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Text Segmentation by Cross Segment Attention

Lukasik, M., Dadachev, B., Papineni, K., & Simões, G. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.380 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Pre-trained Language Models for the Legal Domain

Paul, S., Mandal, A., Goyal, P., & Ghosh, S. (2023) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1145/3594536.3595165 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Legal Judgement Prediction for UK Courts

Strickson, B., & de la Iglesia, B. (2020) · International Conference on Information Science and Systems (ICISS) · doi:10.1145/3388176.3388183 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Predicting Brazilian Court Decisions

Freitas, A. L., Allende‐Cid, H., Santana, O., & de Oliveira-Lage, L. (2022) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.904 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Swiss-Judgment-Prediction: A Multilingual Legal Judgment Prediction Benchmark

Niklaus, J., Chalkidis, I., & Stuermer, M. (2021) · Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop (NLLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

An end-to-end joint model for evidence information extraction from court record document

Ji, D., Tao, P., Fei, H., & Ren, Y. (2020) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102305 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade

Villata, S., Araszkiewicz, M., Ashley, K. D., Bench-Capon, T. J. M., Branting, L. K., Conrad, J. G., & Wyner, A. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-022-09327-6 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Bringing order into the realm of Transformer-based language models for artificial intelligence and law

Greco, C. M., & Tagarelli, A. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-023-09374-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Legal Judgment Prediction with Multi-Stage Case Representation Learning in the Real Court Setting

Ma, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Liu, X., Ye, W., Sun, C., & Zhang, S. (2021) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3404835.3462945 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Unsupervised law article mining based on deep pre-trained language representation models with application to the Italian civil code

Tagarelli, A., & Simeri, A. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09301-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Efficient Prediction of Court Judgments Using an LSTM+CNN Neural Network Model with an Optimal Feature Set

Alghazzawi, D., Bamasag, O. O., Albeshri, A. A., Sana, I., Ullah, H., & Asghar, M. Z. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10050683 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Precedent-Enhanced Legal Judgment Prediction with LLM and Domain-Model Collaboration

Wu, Y., Zhou, S., Liu, Y., Lü, W., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Sun, C., Wu, F., & Kuang, K. (2023) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.740 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

LeSICiN: A Heterogeneous Graph-Based Approach for Automatic Legal Statute Identification from Indian Legal Documents

Paul, S., Goyal, P., & Ghosh, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21363 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

DeepRhole: deep learning for rhetorical role labeling of sentences in legal case documents

Bhattacharya, P., Paul, S., Ghosh, K., Ghosh, S., & Wyner, A. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09304-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Legal case document similarity: You need both network and text

Bhattacharya, P., Ghosh, K., Pal, A., & Ghosh, S. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103069 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

SemEval-2023 Task 6: LegalEval - Understanding Legal Texts

Modi, A., Kalamkar, P., Karn, S., Tiwari, A. K., Joshi, A., Tanikella, S. K., Guha, S. K., Malhan, S., & Raghavan, V. (2023) · International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.semeval-1.318 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Scenario based Deep Learning Prediction for Legal Judgment using LSTM and CNN

Pandi, S. S., Farook, A. M., & Kingston, W. S. (2023) · International Conference on Smart Technologies, Communication and Robotics (STCR) · doi:10.1109/stcr59085.2023.10397023 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Legal Judgment Prediction: A Survey of the State of the Art

Feng, Y., Li, C., & Ng, V. (2022) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2022/765 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Effectively Leveraging BERT for Legal Document Classification

Limsopatham, N. (2021) · Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop (NLLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.22 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Recurrent Chunking Mechanisms for Long-Text Machine Reading Comprehension

Gong, H., Shen, Y., Yu, D., Chen, J., & Yu, D. (2020) · Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.603 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Towards Interactivity and Interpretability: A Rationale-based Legal Judgment Prediction Framework

Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Lü, W., Zhang, Y., Feng, J., Sun, C., Wu, F. Q., & Kuang, K. (2022) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.316 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

A deep neural network model for speakers coreference resolution in legal texts

Ji, D., Gao, J., Fei, H., Teng, C., & Ren, Y. (2020) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102365 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

LegalReasoner: A Multi-Stage Framework for Legal Judgment Prediction via Large Language Models and Knowledge Integration

Wang, X., Zhang, X., Hoo, V., Shao, Z., & Zhang, X. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3496666 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Processing Long Legal Documents with Pre-trained Transformers: Modding LegalBERT and Longformer

Mamakas, D., Tsotsi, P., Androutsopoulos, I., & Chalkidis, I. (2022) · Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop (NLLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.nllp-1.11 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

ITALIAN-LEGAL-BERT models for improving natural language processing tasks in the Italian legal domain

Licari, D., & Comandé, G. (2023) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105908 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Legal Judgment Prediction

Shui, R., Cao, Y., Wang, X., & Chua, T. (2023) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.490 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

A hybrid CNN + BILSTM deep learning-based DSS for efficient prediction of judicial case decisions

Ahmad, S., Asghar, M. Z., Alotaibi, F. M., & Al‐Otaibi, Y. D. (2022) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.118318 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

CAIL2019-SCM: A Dataset of Similar Case Matching in Legal DomainPreprint

Xiao, C., Zhong, H., Guo, Z., Tu, C., Liu, Z., Sun, M., Zhang, T., Han, X., Hu, Z., Wang, H., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.08962 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Fine-grained legal entity annotation: A case study on the Brazilian Supreme Court

Correia, F., Almeida, A. A. A., Nunes, J. L., Santos, K. G., Hartmann, I. A., Silva, F. A., & Lopes, H. (2021) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102794 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Construction and Evaluation of a High-Quality Corpus for Legal Intelligence Using Semiautomated Approaches

Chen, H., Pieptea, L. F., & Ding, J. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Reliability · doi:10.1109/tr.2022.3156126 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

HLDC: Hindi Legal Documents Corpus

Kapoor, A., Dhawan, M., Goel, A., Arjun, T. H., Bhatnagar, A., Agrawal, V., Agrawal, A., Bhattacharya, A., Kumaraguru, P., & Modi, A. (2022) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.278 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Learning Fine-Grained Fact-Article Correspondence in Legal Cases

Ge, J., huang, Y., Shen, X., Li, C., & Hu, W. (2021) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslp.2021.3130992 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

On the Ethical Limits of Natural Language Processing on Legal Text

Tsarapatsanis, D., & Αλέτρας, Ν. (2021) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.314 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

TaSbeeb: A judicial decision support system based on deep learning framework

Almuzaini, H. A., & Azmi, A. M. (2023) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101695 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

A Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset in French

Louis, A., & Spanakis, G. (2022) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.468 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

On the Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Language Models for Legal Natural Language Processing: An Empirical Study

Song, D., Gao, S., He, B., & Schilder, F. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3190408 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Performance analysis of large language models in the domain of legal argument mining

Zubaer, A. A., Granitzer, M., & Mitrović, J. (2023) · Frontiers Artif. Intell. · doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1278796 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

A Meta Analysis of Attention Models on Legal Judgment Prediction System

Sukanya, G., & Priyadarshini, J. (2021) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2021.0120266 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Legal Natural Language Processing From 2015 to 2022: A Comprehensive Systematic Mapping Study of Advances and Applications

Quevedo, E., Cerny, T., Rodríguez, A., Rivas, P., Yero, J., Sooksatra, K., Zhakubayev, A., & Taibi, D. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3333946 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Large Language Models in Legal Systems: A Survey

Dehghani, F., Dehghani, R., Ardebili, Y. N., & Rahnamayan, S. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05924-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade

Giovanni Sartor, B., Araszkiewicz, M., Atkinson, K. M., Bex, F., van Engers, T., Francesconi, E., Prakken, H., Sileno, G., Schilder, F., Wyner, A., et al. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-022-09326-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

High-level implementable methods for automated building code compliance checking

Lee, J.-K., Cho, K., Choi, H., Choi, S., Kim, S., & Cha, S. H. (2023) · Developments in the Built Environment · doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100174 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Syllogistic Reasoning for Legal Judgment Analysis

Deng, W., Pei, J., Kong, K., Chen, Z., Wei, F., Li, Y., Ren, Z., Chen, Z., & Ren, P. (2023) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.864 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Paragraph Similarity Scoring and Fine-Tuned BERT for Legal Information Retrieval and Entailment

Westermann, H., Šavelka, J., & Benyekhlef, K. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79942-7_18 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Multi-granular Legal Topic Classification on Greek Legislation

Papaloukas, C., Chalkidis, I., Athinaios, K., Pantazi, D.-A., & Koubarakis, M. (2021) · Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop (NLLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.nllp-1.6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

FEDLEGAL: The First Real-World Federated Learning Benchmark for Legal NLP

Zhang, Z., Hu, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Qu, L., & Xu, Z. (2023) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.193 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Chinese legal judgment prediction via knowledgeable prompt learning

Sun, J., Huang, S., & Wei, C. (2023) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122177 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

On the relevance of algorithmic decision predictors for judicial decision making

Bex, F., & Prakken, H. (2021) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1145/3462757.3466069 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Automatic Charge Identification from Facts: A Few Sentence-Level Charge Annotations is All You Need

Paul, S., Goyal, P., & Ghosh, S. (2020) · International Conference on Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.88 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Digital Transformation of Legal Services and Access to Justice: Challenges and Possibilities

Kiršienė, J., Amilevičius, D., & Stankevičiūtė, D. (2022) · Baltic Journal of Law & Politics · doi:10.2478/bjlp-2022-0007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

ClassActionPrediction: A Challenging Benchmark for Legal Judgment Prediction of Class Action Cases in the US

Semo, G., Bernsohn, D., Hagag, B., Hayat, G., & Niklaus, J. (2022) · Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop (NLLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.nllp-1.3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

On the Role of Negative Precedent in Legal Outcome Prediction

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Explaining legal judgments: A multitask learning framework for enhancing factual consistency in rationale generation

He, C., Tan, T.-P., Xue, S., & Tan, Y. (2023) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101868 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Deception detection in text and its relation to the cultural dimension of individualism/collectivism

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Deep Learning Algorithm for Judicial Judgment Prediction Based on BERT

Wang, Y., Gao, J., & Chen, J. (2020) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Security (ICCCS) · doi:10.1109/icccs49678.2020.9277068 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Enhancing Legal Argument Mining with Domain Pre-training and Neural Networks

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Path and future of artificial intelligence in the field of justice: a systematic literature review and a research agenda

de Oliveira, L. F., Gomes, A. D. S., Enes, Y. D. S. O., Branco, T. V. C., Pires, R. P., Bolzon, A., & Demo, G. (2022) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-022-00482-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works

A topic discovery approach for unsupervised organization of legal document collections

Vianna, D., de Moura, E. S., & da Silva, A. S. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-023-09371-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Maritime Near-Miss prediction framework and model interpretation analysis method based on Transformer neural network model with multi-task classification variables

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Classifying European Court of Human Rights Cases Using Transformer-Based Techniques

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Legal Knowledge and Information Systems

Saarbrücken, J. (. 2., Francesconi, E., Borges, G., & Sorge, C. (2022) · Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications · doi:10.3233/faia362 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

The Unreasonable Effectiveness of the Baseline: Discussing SVMs in Legal Text Classification

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Identification, Categorisation and Forecasting of Court Decisions

Medvedeva, M. (2022) · doi:10.33612/diss.236807643 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Measuring and Mitigating Gender Bias in Legal Contextualized Language Models

Bozdag, M., Sevim, N., & Koç, A. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data · doi:10.1145/3628602 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Empirical legal analysis simplified: reducing complexity through automatic identification and evaluation of legally relevant factors

Gray, M., Šavelka, J., Oliver, W. M., & Ashley, K. D. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2023.0155 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Boosting court judgment prediction and explanation using legal entities

Benedetto, I., Koudounas, A., Vaiani, L., Pastor, E., Cagliero, L., Tarasconi, F., & Baralis, E. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-024-09397-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases

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Extracting Outcomes from Appellate Decisions in US State Courts

Petrova, A., Armour, J. H., & Lukasiewicz, T. (2020) · Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications · doi:10.3233/faia200857 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Deconfounding Legal Judgment Prediction for European Court of Human Rights Cases Towards Better Alignment with Experts

T.y.s.s, S., Xu, S., Ichim, O., & Grabmair, M. (2022) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.74 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Legal Judgment Prediction using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Methods: A Systematic Literature Review

Dina, N. Z., Ravana, S. D., & Idris, N. B. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251329663 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Exploiting Contrastive Learning and Numerical Evidence for Confusing Legal Judgment Prediction

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An Empirical Study on Explanations in Out-of-Domain Settings

Chrysostomou, G., & Αλέτρας, Ν. (2022) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.477 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Simulating judicial trial logic: Dual residual cross-attention learning for predicting legal judgment in long documents

He, C., Tan, T.-P., Xue, S., & Tan, Y. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125462 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Balancing Differential Privacy and Utility: A Relevance-Based Adaptive Private Fine-Tuning Framework for Language Models

Wang, N., Wang, S., Li, M., Wu, L., Zhang, Z., Guan, Z., & Zhu, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3516579 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Investigating the State-of-the-Art Performance and Explainability of Legal Judgment Prediction

Bhambhoria, R. V., Dahan, S., & Zhu, X. (2021) · doi:10.21428/594757db.a66d81b6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

When Does Pretraining Help? Assessing Self-Supervised Learning for Law and the CaseHOLD DatasetPreprint

Zheng, L., Guha, N., Anderson, B., Henderson, P., & Ho, D. E. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.08671 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Discovering Explanatory Sentences in Legal Case Decisions Using Pre-trained Language Models

Šavelka, J., & Ashley, K. D. (2021) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.findings-emnlp.361 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to predict criminal charges and sentences from Taiwanese court judgments

peng, Y. T., & Lei, C. (2024) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1841 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challenges

Cui, J., Shen, X., & Wen, S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3317083 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

Judgment Prediction Models as an AI-driven Jury and its Ontology for E-courtPreprint

Chang, Y.-F. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5274505 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A Legal Judgment Prediction Model Based on BERT, Attention, and Graph Convolutional Network

Yang, B., Chen, G., & Luo, X. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) · doi:10.1109/ictai62512.2024.00052 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

NeurJudge: A Circumstance-aware Neural Framework for Legal Judgment Prediction

Yue, L., Liu, Q., Jin, B., Wu, H., Zhang, K., An, Y., Cheng, M., Yin, B., & Wu, D. (2021) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3404835.3462826 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Automatic Judgment Prediction via Legal Reading Comprehension

Long, S., Tu, C., Liu, Z., & Sun, M. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32381-3_45 · Cited by 102 · see citing works