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The Social Implications of Occupational Heat Stress on Migrant Workers Engaged in Public Construction: A Case Study from Southern India
Abstract
A scholarly article by authors Vidhya Venugopal, Jeremiah Chinnadurai, and Rebekah Lucas, Vennila Vishwanathan, Ajit Rajiva, Tord Kjellstrom published in The International Journal of the Constructed Environment
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This is consistent with what has been perceived and described by construction workers and confirmed by observation and measurement.
“This is consistent with what has been perceived and described by construction workers (Chan and Yang, 2016; Venugopal et al., 2016) and confirmed by observation and measurement (Abdelhamid and Everett, 2002; Maiti, 2008; Rowlinson and Jia, 2014; Chinnadurai and Venugopal, 2016; Meade et al., 2016; Roja et al., 2016).”
From Assessment of Heat Stress Exposure among Construction Workers in the Hot Desert Climate of Saudi Arabia (2019) · cites this paper as Venugopal et al., 2016
Many workers were from regions in India, such as Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Maharastra, where mean WBGT values ranging from 28.7 to 34.1°C have been reported for outdoor construction worksites.
“Many were from regions in India, such as Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Maharastra, where mean WBGT values ranging from 28.7 to 34.1°C have been reported for outdoor construction worksites (Maiti, 2008; Dutta et al., 2015; Venugopal et al., 2016).”
From Assessment of Heat Stress Exposure among Construction Workers in the Hot Desert Climate of Saudi Arabia (2019) · cites this paper as Venugopal et al., 2016
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Sorted by citations
Occupational Heat Stress Profiles in Selected Workplaces in India
Venugopal, V., Chinnadurai, J. S., Lucas, R. A. I., & Kjellstrom, T. E. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13010089 · Cited by 188
Self-citationOccupational Heat Stress Impacts on Health and Productivity in a Steel Industry in Southern India
Krishnamurthy, M., Paramesh, R., Perumal, K., Latha, P. K., Chinnadurai, J. S., Shanmugam, R., Srinivasan, K., & Venugopal, V. (2016) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2016.08.005 · Cited by 177
“Heat is one of the physical hazards that can cause health problems in the workplace [1,2] and one of the most important and common occupational health problems inworkplaces is inappropriate thermal conditions that can impact the health and productivities of workers [3e6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNunfam, V. F., van Etten, E. J. B., Oosthuizen, J. D., Adusei‐Asante, K., & Frimpong, K. (2018) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.004 · Cited by 166
“Occupational heat stress risks and impacts possess the tendency of affecting workers’ health and safety, productive capacity, efficient performance, and social well-being (Kjellstrom et al., 2016b; Nunfam et al., 2018; Venugopal et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAl-Bouwarthan, M., Quinn, M. M., Kriebel, D., & Wegman, D. H. (2019) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxz033 · Cited by 158
Nunfam, V. F., Adusei‐Asante, K., van Etten, E. J. B., Oosthuizen, J., & Frimpong, K. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.255 · Cited by 79
Heat waves and adaptation: A global systematic review
Kiarsi, M., Amiresmaili, M., Mahmoodi, M. R., Farahmandnia, H., Nakhaee, N., Zareiyan, A., & Aghababaeian, H. (2023) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103588 · Cited by 79
Sario, M. D., de'Donato, F. K., Bonafede, M., Marinaccio, A., Levi, M., Ariani, F., Morabito, M., & Michelozzi, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1173553 · Cited by 87
“productivity loss varied among studies from 11% (46) to 81% (35).”
BackgroundVenugopal, V., Latha, P. K., Shanmugam, R., Krishnamoorthy, M., & Johnson, P. (2020) · Advances in Climate Change Research · doi:10.1016/j.accre.2020.05.009 · Cited by 58
Self-citationVenugopal, V., Shanmugam, R., & Latha, P. K. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1469 · Cited by 56
Self-citationAl-Bouwarthan, M., Quinn, M., Kriebel, D., & Wegman, D. H. (2020) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxaa029 · Cited by 51
Venugopal, V., Latha, P. K., Shanmugam, R., Krishnamoorthy, M., Srinivasan, K., Perumal, K., & Chinnadurai, J. S. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137619 · Cited by 51
Self-citationBudhathoki, N. K., & Zander, K. K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16091578 · Cited by 47
Occupational Heat Stress and Kidney Health in Salt Pan Workers
Venugopal, V., Lennqvist, R., Latha, P. K., Shanmugam, R., Krishnamoorthy, M., Selvaraj, N., Balakrishnan, R., Omprashant, R., Purty, A. J., Bazroy, J., et al. (2023) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2023.04.011 · Cited by 37
“An HR of over 100 beats per minute was seen as excessive.(10,11,33,36) Two different kinds of urine dipsticks (Dirui H10 and Siemens Multistix) were used to assess proteinuria, hematuria, pH, and leucocytes.”
MethodSelf-citationEpidemiological evidence from south Indian working population—the heat exposures and health linkage
Venugopal, V., Latha, P. K., Shanmugam, R., Krishnamoorthy, M., Omprashanth, R., Lennqvist, R., & Johnson, P. (2020) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-020-00261-w · Cited by 34
“Increasing heat stress is of great concern since India is the world’s fastest-growing economy that is anticipated to grow at a faster rate in the coming decades [26] and the workers are at greater risk due to work-related heat stress that is evident from Fig.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationBarriers to occupational heat stress risk adaptation of mining workers in Ghana
Nunfam, V. F., Adusei‐Asante, K., Frimpong, K., van Etten, E. J. B., & Oosthuizen, J. D. (2020) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-020-01882-4 · Cited by 30
Nunfam, V. F., Adusei‐Asante, K., van Etten, E. J. B., Oosthuizen, J., Adams, S., & Frimpong, K. (2019) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-019-01775-1 · Cited by 28
Causes of Low-Skilled Workers’ Performance in Construction Projects
Zannah, A. A., Latiffi, A. A., Malaysia, U. T. H. O., Raji, A. U., Waziri, A. A., & Mohammed, U. (2017) · Path of Science · doi:10.22178/pos.23-7 · Cited by 27
“Venugopal [69], the building industry in SubSahara Africa has unique characteristics and construction work is labour intensive as it is largely in-situ whereby skilled workers are exposed to extremes of hot and wet weather conditions which leads to poor performance.”
BackgroundIoannou, L. G., Testa, D. J., Tsoutsoubi, L., Mantzios, K., Gkikas, G., Agaliotis, G., Nybo, L., Babar, Z. R., & Flouris, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-023-01493-2 · Cited by 24
Occupational Heat Stress Among Migrant and Ethnic Minority Outdoor Workers: A Scoping Review
van Selm, L., Williams, S. V., de'Donato, F. K., Briones‐Vozmediano, E., Stratil, J. M., Sroczynski, G., Tonne, C. C., Sario, M. D., & Requena‐Méndez, A. (2025) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-025-00481-y · Cited by 25
“In India, construction workers did not have a structured resting scheme [104], while in the US, the majority reported having access to lunch breaks (93.3–99”
InfluentialNunfam, V. F. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06918 · Cited by 26
Workplace Heat: An increasing threat to occupational health and productivity
Kjellstrom, T. E., Lemke, B., & LEE, J. K. W. (2019) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23051 · Cited by 20
Self-citationAfshari, D., Moradi, S., Angali, K. A., & Shirali, G. A. (2019) · The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.15171/ijoem.2019.1582 · Cited by 18
Nunfam, V. F., Afrifa‐Yamoah, E., Adusei‐Asante, K., van Etten, E. J. B., Frimpong, K., Mensah, I. A., & Oosthuizen, J. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144911 · Cited by 14
Heat exposure effect on Ghanaian mining workers: A mediated-moderation approach
Nunfam, V. F., & Afrifa‐Yamoah, E. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147843 · Cited by 13
Kordee, N. S. Y., Amponsah‐Tawiah, K., Adu, I. N., & Ashie, A. A. (2018) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i9/4581 · Cited by 11
“At a personal level, occupational stress might lead to increased morbidity and mortality (Venugopal, et al., 2016).”
Venugopal, V., Isaac, T. S., Gayathri, K., KUMAR, S. M., Latha, P. K., & Shanmugam, R. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00565-y · Cited by 10
“We used the Canadian Sports Association method to determine the sweat rate (SwR), and a refractometer (ATC portable clinical refractometer with automatic temperature compensation) to determine the urine specific gravity (USG) [16].”
Self-citationDavey, S., Lee, B., Robbins, T., & Thake, D. (2024) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104281 · Cited by 10
Comparison of women’s heat risk profiles among those working in indoor and outdoor sectors
Shanmugam, R., Latha, P. K., & Venugopal, V. (2023) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.1080/19338244.2023.2272733 · Cited by 7
“44 While control mechanisms such as cooling interventions, employment rotation, and better welfare facilities are in place in indoor industries with correspondingly protective legislation, women in outdoor sectors lack these safeguards, 27,53 putting them at a greater risk.”
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“In Southern India, excessive tiredness was reported as one of the symptoms of occupational heat stress on workers that account for productivity loss, and this ranked the highest, alongside fatigue followed by headaches (Venugopal et al., 2016).”
Differentiated outcomes of climate change-induced internal migration in India
Apparaju, A. (2025) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-025-02489-4 · Cited by 3
“…sensitivity at the construction worksites and brick kilns employing migrant workers has led to a rise in heat stress leading to a decline in productivity, subsequent wages, and their ability to spend time with family and do household chores (Lundgren-Kownacki et al. 2018; Venugopal et al. 2016).”
Wu, Y., Malik, J., Hong, T., Kilic, E., Vaidya, P., Yan, D., & Gadgil, A. J. (2025) · Building Simulation · doi:10.1007/s12273-025-1391-y · Cited by 3
“India, with a population of 1.4 billion, has a large fraction of its workforce employed in the informal sector, engaging in construction, agriculture, roadside vending, transport, manufacturing, and other on-site manual labor (Venugopal et al. 2016).”
InfluentialVenugopal, V., Kumar, A. P., Shanmugam, R., & Latha, P. K. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01615-w · Cited by 4
“…— viz., dehydration, UTI, other adverse genitourinary symptoms, and also behavioral changes — have been previously reported in similar women studies conducted in the year 2014–2015 which was done with 312 women workers in three occupational sectors in South India (Venugopal et al. 2016a, b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationA Review on Heat Stress Issues Among Workers at Automotive Service Centre
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Ramakrishnan, I., Senthil, R., Pravinraj, S., Dhasaram, P., Monisha, V., Manjubairavi, T., & Ravi, S. (2025) · Indian Journal of Community and Family Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcfm.ijcfm_99_23 · Cited by 3
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Heat-Induced Labour Capacity Loss in Climate Change Scenario – What Does the Future Hold?
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Climate Chaos: Navigating the Dual Challenge Faced by Migrant Workers in Bengaluru, India
Kidwai, A., Chacko, S., & Tiwari, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7110-3_3
Nilsson, B., Lundgren, A. S., & Lönnroth, J. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345707 · Cited by 1
“Some studies suggest that women are disproportionately affected by climate change [25,26], particularly in developing countries where populations are often reliant on natural resources increasingly threatened by environmental changes [27].”
KUMAR, S. M., Isaac, T. S., Vijayalakshmi, P., Krishnan, S., Panda, S., Shanmugam, R., Latha, P. K., & Venugopal, V. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-02155-y
“While outdoor local workers face prolonged exposure to solar radiation and limited rest breaks and migrant workers experience additional stressors including poor quality temporary housing, unstable employment, limited healthcare access, and social exclusion [14, 19–21].”
Self-citationRodríguez-Huerta, E., dos Santos, I. D. M., Leal, C. R. F., Moura, F. D. A., Trevizan, A. F., Siviero, A. A., Gonçalves, G., & Landman, T. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7021433
Metadata
- Authors
- Venugopal, V., Chinnadurai, J., Lucas, R., Vishwanathan, V., Rajiva, A., & Kjellstrom, T.
- Venue
- The International Journal of the Constructed Environment
- Publisher
- Common Ground Research Networks
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 25-36
- ISSN
- 2154-8587 (ISSN-L)
- 2154-8595
- OpenAlex
- W2804527052
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 11.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Journal of the Constructed Environment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Social Sciences › Health › Occupational Health and Global Justice
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Occupational Health and Safety Research
- Keywords
- occupational heat stress, migrant workers, public construction, construction workers, social consequences, thermal comfort, South India
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