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Does biodiversity protect humans against infectious disease?
Open accessAbstract
Control of human infectious disease has been promoted as a valuable ecosystem service arising from the conservation of biodiversity. There are two commonly discussed mechanisms by which biodiversity loss could increase rates of infectious disease in a landscape. First, loss of competitors or predators could facilitate an increase in the abundance of competent reservoir hosts. Second, biodiversity loss could disproportionately affect non‐competent, or less competent reservoir hosts, which would otherwise interfere with pathogen transmission to human populations by, for example, wasting the bites of infected vectors. A negative association between biodiversity and disease risk, sometimes called the “dilution effect hypothesis,” has been supported for a few disease agents, suggests an exciting win–win outcome for the environment and society, and has become a pervasive topic in the disease ecology literature. Case studies have been assembled to argue that the dilution effect is general across disease agents. Less touted are examples in which elevated biodiversity does not affect or increases infectious disease risk for pathogens of public health concern. In order to assess the likely generality of the dilution effect, we review the association between biodiversity and public health across a broad variety of human disease agents. Overall, we hypothesize that conditions for the dilution effect are unlikely to be met for most important diseases of humans. Biodiversity probably has little net effect on most human infectious diseases but, when it does have an effect, observation and basic logic suggest that biodiversity will be more likely to increase than to decrease infectious disease risk.
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“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
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“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
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“However, the epidemiological consequences of changes to such a system are likely to be pathogen specific, and dependent on how trophic reassortment affects the following parameters: likelihood of encounter and transmission between competent hosts, host abundance and/ or density, and infected host mortality and recover…”
BackgroundBiodiversity inhibits parasites: Broad evidence for the dilution effect
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“However, if parasites are unaffected or even stimulated by host biodiversity, then human-mediated biodiversity loss might decrease the risk of outbreaks, and disease management approaches based on biodiversity could backfire (13).”
BackgroundInfluentialImpacts of biodiversity and biodiversity loss on zoonotic diseases
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, C. L., Lafferty, K. D., DeLeo, G., Young, H. S., Hudson, P. J., & Kuris, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wood, Chelsea L.
- Venue
- Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 817-832
- ISSN
- 0012-9658 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-9170
- OpenAlex
- W2043188267
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 24.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Ecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1115965)
- National Institutes of Health (OCE-1115965)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasite Biology and Host Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Keywords
- biodiversity, infectious disease risk, ecosystem services, reservoir hosts, vector competence, pathogen transmission, biodiversity loss, disease ecology
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Animals, Communicable Diseases, Disease Vectors, Humans, Zoonoses, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Biodiversity, Host-Pathogen Interactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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