Cited by 137Intimate Partner and Family ViolenceChild Abuse and TraumaChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Effects of Early Exposure and Lifetime Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) on Child Adjustment

Graham-Bermann, Sandra A., Perkins, Suzanne·2010·Violence and Victims

DOI 10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.427

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Abstract

Children exposed to overwhelming and potentially traumatic events early in their lives are considered at-risk for problems in adjustment. Yet it is not known whether it is the age of first exposure (AFE) to violence or the amount of violence that the child witnessed in their lifetime that has the greatest impact on adjustment. For a sample of 190 children ages 6 to 12 exposed to intimate partner violence, their mothers reported that the average length of their abusive relationship was 10 years. The majority of children were first exposed to family violence as infants (64%), with only 12% first exposed when school-aged. Both the AFE and an estimate of the cumulative amount of violence were significantly and negatively related to children's behavioral problems. However, in regression analyses controlling for child sex, ethnicity, age, and family environment variables, cumulative violence exposure accounted for greater variance in adjustment than did AFE. Furthermore, cumulative violence exposure mediated the relationship between AFE and externalizing behavior problems, indicating that the cumulative exposure to IPV outweighed the AFE in its effect on child adjustment.

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Self-citation

Authors: Graham-Bermann, S. A., & Perkins, S.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Perkins, Suzanne
Venue: Violence and Victims
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
Published: 2010-08
Volume: 25
Issue: 4
Pages: 427-439
ISSN: 0886-6708 (ISSN-L)
1945-7073
DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.427
OpenAlex: W2142845595
Cited by: 137
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 6.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Violence and Victims (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (510499)
National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH020041)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: intimate partner violence, children exposed to violence, age of first exposure, child adjustment, behavioral problems, externalizing problems, domestic violence, mediation, child mental health
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior Disorders, Psychology, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Spouse Abuse, Child of Impaired Parents, Domestic Violence, Age of Onset

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Effects of Early Exposure and Lifetime Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) on Child Adjustment

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