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Development and Preliminary Validation of a Trait Version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale
Abstract
After developing a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS), we evaluated its reliability, its convergent validity with six other trait mindfulness measures, and its construct validity in relation to prior meditation experience. A sample of nonmeditators (N = 218) and meditators (N = 243) with a wide range of meditation experience completed the Trait TMS and the six other mindfulness measures. Internal consistency reliability of the Trait TMS was comparable to that of the original State TMS. Significant positive correlations were found between both TMS factors and the other mindfulness measures; however, in general, the correlations for TMS Decenter were higher than for TMS Curiosity. Scores for TMS Decenter were shown to increase with meditation experience, but this was not the case for TMS Curiosity. The TMS Curiosity factor may assess a unique aspect of the mindfulness construct. Implications of these findings in relation to future mindfulness research are discussed.
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“Such use is justified because of the face validity of the items with respect to the construct of decentering, as well as previous findings indicating decentering and the non-reactivity subscale are highly interrelated, N = 461, r = .74 [81], potentially measuring a common, underlying construct.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [81]
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Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies
Keng, S.-L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006 · Cited by 2,687
The psychological effects of meditation: a meta-analysis
Sedlmeier, P., Eberth, J., Schwarz, M., Zimmermann, D., Haarig, F., Jaeger, S., & Kunze, S. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028168 · Cited by 910
Mindfulness, by any other name…: trials and tribulations of sati in western psychology and science
Grossman, P., & Van Dam, N. T. (2011) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2011.564841 · Cited by 548
The Assessment of Mindfulness with Self-Report Measures: Existing Scales and Open Issues
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0110-9 · Cited by 506
“A trait version of the TMS was developed and preliminarily validated in meditators and nonmeditators (Davis et al. 2009).”
MethodPark, T., Reilly-Spong, M., & Gross, C. R. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0395-8 · Cited by 370
“Curiosity and Decentering scores were higher in meditators than nonmeditators, and scores for the Decentering subscale were shown to increase with meditation experience [70].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Springer Publishing Company
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 185-197
- ISSN
- 0889-8391 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-887X
- OpenAlex
- W2077056449
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, mindfulness measurement, convergent validity, construct validity, meditation experience, decentering, curiosity, internal consistency
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