Cited by 255Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of LifePsychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and Validation

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Reliability and Validity Testing of the Revised 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey in Older Adults

Resnick, Barbara, Nahm, Eun S.·2001·Journal of Nursing Measurement

DOI 10.1891/1061-3749.9.2.151

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Abstract

The SF-12 Short Form Health Survey was developed to describe mental and physical health status of adults, and to measure the outcomes of health care services. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of this measure in a sample of 185 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The mean age of the participants was 86 + 6.1 and the majority were female (82%), unmarried (82%), Caucasian (99%), and all had at least a high school education. Initial testing of the SF-12 measurement model as proposed by Ware, Kosinski, and Keller (1995) demonstrated that the model did not fit the data (chi-squared/df = 7.8). The model was revised based on modification indices and the revised model provided evidence of reliability (alpha coefficients of .70, and .89; the majority of the R2 values were greater than .50), and validity as there was improved fit of the model to the data (chi 2 difference of 123, df difference of 1.0, p < .05). There was also evidence of construct validity, based on hypothesis testing, with a statistically significant correlation between physical health and number of chronic illnesses (r = .33, p < .05) and mental health and chronic illnesses (r = .27, p < .05), and a statistically significant difference in physical health (F = 30.5, p < .05) and mental health (F = 18.5, p < .05) between those who exercise regularly and those who do not. The revised SF-12 is a reliable and valid measure of health status in independent living o…

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MethodInfluential
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Background
Health-Related Quality of Life: Is It a Good Indicator of Function Post THR?
Resnick, B. M., Orwig, D., Wehren, L. E., Hawkes, W., Hebel, R., Zimmerman, S. I., & Magaziner, J. S. (2005) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2005.tb00359.x · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Factors Influencing Walking and Exercise Adherence in Healthy Older Adults Using Monitoring and Interfacing Technology: Preliminary Evidence
Albergoni, A., Hettinga, F. J., Stut, W. J. J., & Sartor, F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176142 · Cited by 12
“Its reliability has been confirmed also in independent living older adults [38].”
Background
Social relationship influence on self‐care and health among older people living with long term conditions: A mixed‐methods study
LeBlanc, R., Chiodo, L. M., & Jacelon, C. S. (2022) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12450 · Cited by 10
Behaviors and Characteristics of African American and European American Females That Impact Weight Management
Capers, C. F., Baughman, K. R., & Logue, E. E. (2011) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01393.x · Cited by 10
“The reliability and validity of the SF-12 scales are well established (Resnick & Nahm, 2001).”
Background
Validation of the Chinese version of the Satisfaction with the Nursing Home Instrument
Lee, L. Y. K., Lee, D., Woo, J., & Wong, E. M. C. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01507.x · Cited by 10
Adaptive Coping Strategies and Attitudes Toward Health and Healing in German Homeopathy and Acupuncture Users
Büssing, A., Ostermann, T., Raak, C., & Matthiessen, P. F. (2010) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2010.04.002 · Cited by 10
Healthy Beat Acupunch exercise program: Validation and feasibility study for older adults with reduced physical capacity or probable sarcopenia
Jones, C., Chen, K., Weeks, B. K., Qi, M., & Moyle, W. (2020) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.010 · Cited by 9
Healthy Aging: Current and Future Frameworks and Developments
Pachana, N. A., & Wahl, H. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00054-6 · Cited by 9
Effectiveness of interventions to improve adherence to antidepressant medication in patients with depressive disorders: a cluster randomized controlled trial
del Pino‐Sedeño, T., González‐Pacheco, H., de León, B. G., Serrano-Pérez, P., Acosta, F. J., Valcárcel‐Nazco, C., Hurtado, I., Álvarez, C. R., Trujillo‐Martín, M. M., & on behalf of MAPDep Team (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1320159 · Cited by 9
Quality of Life and Health-Related Quality of Life over 1 Year in Older Women: Monitoring Stability and Reliability of Measurement
Learmonth, Y. C., Alwick, E. A., McAuley, E., & Motl, R. W. (2014) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0729-0 · Cited by 8
“HRQOL assessment at both group and individual level (Resnick and Nahm 2001).”
Background
Excellent long-term survivorship, radiologic and functional outcomes of operatively treated tibial plateau fractures
Arsoy, D., Kleeblad, L. J., Haeberle, H. S., Altıntaş, B., Donders, J. C. E., Altchek, C. L., Klinger, C. E., Wellman, D. S., & Helfet, D. L. (2025) · The Knee · doi:10.1016/j.knee.2025.04.014 · Cited by 8
“Tipping point” concept analysis in the family caregiving context
Crist, J. D., Liu, J., Shea, K. D., Peterson, R. L., Martin‐Plank, L., Lacasse, C. L., May, J. T., Wyles, C. L., Williams, D. K., Slebodnik, M., et al. (2019) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12373 · Cited by 10
Longitudinal Changes of Quality of Life and Hearing Following Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannoma
Windisch, P. Y., Tonn, J., Fürweger, C., Ehret, F., Wowra, B., Kufeld, M., Schichor, C., & Muacevic, A. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13061315 · Cited by 8
Circadian rhythm and quality of life in older adults
Stallings, D. T., Lach, H. W., & Lorenz, R. A. (2021) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151457 · Cited by 8
Relation Between Health-Related Quality of Life and Sleep Quality With Adjustment for Comorbidity Among the Korean Elderly
Kwon, A. M., & Shin, C. (2016) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539516628638 · Cited by 8
Examining the Relationships Between Social Determinants of Health and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Individuals Living With HIV
Chiu, Y.-C. J., Boomer, K. B., Conyers, L. M., Wang, Y., & Misrok, M. (2021) · Rehabilitation Research Policy and Education · doi:10.1891/re-21-27 · Cited by 7
Longitudinal analysis of aging in place at TigerPlace: Resident function and well-being
Popejoy, L., Zaniletti, I., Lane, K. R., Anderson, L. K., Miller, S. J., & Rantz, M. (2022) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.02.030 · Cited by 7
A Systematic Review Looking at Anodyspareunia Among Cisgender Men and Women
Nercessian, T.-R., Banbury, S. A., & Chandler, C. (2023) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2023.2196265 · Cited by 7
Out-of-Pocket Expenditures and the Financial Burden of Healthcare Among Older Adults: By Nativity and Length of Residence in the United States
Choi, S. (2014) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2014.943447 · Cited by 7
“Health-related quality of life was measured with the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) using physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores (Resnick & Nahm, 2001).”
Method
[Guideline for integrated geriatric assessment].
Reyes‐Morales, H., Doubova, S. V., González, J. J. G., Espinosa-Aguilar, A., Jiménez-Uribe, R., Valdovinos, A. P., & Mendoza-Núñez, V. M. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 7
An Exploratory Survey of Older Women’s Post-Fall Decisions
Bergeron, C. D., Friedman, D. B., Spencer, S. M., Miller, S. C., Messias, D. K. H., & Mckeever, R. J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464816653361 · Cited by 7
“We used a single item from the revised 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) that has been found to be a reliable and valid measure of health status in independent living older adults in retirement communities (Resnick & Nahm, 2001).”
Method
Osteopathic Medicine in Four Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Diseases: An Observational Trial with Follow-Up
Rotter, G., Binting, S., Tissen‐Diabaté, T., Ortiz, M., & Brinkhaus, B. (2021) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000518311 · Cited by 7
Physical Functioning Among Older Adults New to Long-Term Services and Supports
Chase, J. D., Hirschman, K. B., Hanlon, A. L., Huang, L., Bowles, K. H., & Naylor, M. D. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnx082 · Cited by 7
“The SF12PCS has been used to describe self-reported PF in adults with diverse chronic conditions (Jakobsson, Westergren, Lindskov, & Hagell, 2012; Preede et al., 2015; Resnick & Nahm, 2001; Soley-Bori et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Validation de l’Index International de la Fonction Érectile (IIFE) et présentation de normes chez les hommes aînés
Dargis, L., Trudel, G. A., Cadieux, J., Villeneuve, L., Préville, M., & Boyer, R. (2012) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2012.01.004 · Cited by 6
Comparing Class-Based and Home-Based Exercise for Older Adults With Chronic Health Conditions: 12-Month Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Fisher, K. L., Reeder, B. A., Harrison, E., Bruner, B., Ashworth, N. L., Pahwa, P., Sari, N., Sheppard, M. S., Shields, C., & Chad, K. E. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0285 · Cited by 6
Mobility and outcomes for validated evidence – Incentive trial (MOVE IT): Randomized clinical trial study protocol
Greysen, H. M., Reale, C., Mercede, A., Patel, M. S., Small, D. S., Snider, C. K., Rareshide, C. A. L., Halpern, S. D., & Greysen, S. R. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.105911 · Cited by 6
Technology supported rehabilitation for patients of critical illness caused by COVID-19: a protocol for a mixed-methods feasibility study
Gonçalves, A., Leckie, T., Hunter, A., Fitzpatrick, D., Richardson, A., Hardy, B., Koulouglioti, C., Venn, R. M., & Hodgson, L. E. (2020) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2020.0102 · Cited by 6
Intake of antioxidants and subsequent decline in physical function in a racially/ethnically diverse population
Bartali, B., Curto, T. M., Maserejian, N. N., & de Araújo, A. B. (2015) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-015-0449-4 · Cited by 5
“Physical function was assessed using the physical component (PCS-12) of the Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12), a validated and widely used instrument (22, 23).”
Impact of oral health on nutritional status, self-perception of oral health and quality of life of institutionalized elderly
FARIAS, I. P. S. E., Montenegro, L. D. A. S., de Araújo, E. G. O., Raymundo, M. L. B., Brito, A. C. M., de Lucena, E. H. G., de Sousa, S. A., de Almeida, L. D. F. D., & Cavalcanti, Y.-W. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry · doi:10.4317/jced.57340 · Cited by 5
“The instrument consisted of 12 questions involving the following domains: physical, emotional, mental, pain, general health condition, vitality and social relations (13).”
BackgroundInfluential
Predictors of change over time in subjective daytime sleepiness among older adult recipients of long-term services and supports
Petrovsky, D., Hirschman, K. B., McPhillips, M., Sefcik, J. S., Hanlon, A. L., Huang, L., Brewster, G. S., Hodgson, N. A., & Naylor, M. D. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220000782 · Cited by 5
“The SF-12 has demonstrated good reliability when used with older adults (Cronbach α = 0.70–0.89) (Resnick and Nahm, 2001).”
MethodInfluential
Perceived and expected effects of physical activity in female cancer survivors
Büssing, A., Fischer, J., Fouladbakhsh, J. M., Ostermann, T., & Matthiessen, P. F. (2009) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2009.02.002 · Cited by 5
Krankheitsbewertungen von Personen mit chronischen Schmerzerkrankungen und ihr Zusammenhang mit Indikatoren der Spiritualität
Büssing, A. (2017) · Spiritual Care · doi:10.1515/spircare-2016-0239 · Cited by 5
Efficacy of cognitive and behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment for individuals living with symptoms associated with environmental factors (SAEF): protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Pitron, V., Petzke, T. M., Zablith, I., Revillot-Tirot, M., Forestier-Dupuch, C., Ibouchna, F. Z., Witthöft, M., Léger, D., Bensefa‐Colas, L., den Bergh, O. V., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03564-5 · Cited by 4
“It was originally designed by Ware and colleagues [57] and has since been validated in many settings [58–60], where it has repeatedly shown good construct validity and acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.7).”
Influential

Authors: Resnick, B., & Nahm, E. S.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, College Park (US)
ORCID: Resnick, Barbara
Nahm, Eun S.
Venue: Journal of Nursing Measurement
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
Published: 2001-09
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-161
ISSN: 1061-3749 (ISSN-L)
1945-7049
DOI: 10.1891/1061-3749.9.2.151
OpenAlex: W149961092
Cited by: 255
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 11.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Nursing Measurement (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: older adults, reliability statistics, validity, health status measurement, model revision, construct validity, chronic disease, physical health, mental health, physical activity, continuing care retirement communities, independent living
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Chronic Disease, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Predictive Value of Tests, Health Behavior, Exercise, Geriatric Assessment, Chi-Square Distribution, Likelihood Functions, Housing for the Elderly

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Reliability and Validity Testing of the Revised 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey in Older Adults

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