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AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION 1
Open accessAbstract
Traditionally, discrimination has been understood as an active process, and a technology of its procedures has been developed and practiced extensively. Generalization, by contrast, has been considered the natural result of failing to practice a discrimination technology adequately, and thus has remained a passive concept almost devoid of a technology. But, generalization is equally deserving of an active conceptualization and technology. This review summarizes the structure of the generalization literature and its implicit embryonic technology, categorizing studies designed to assess or program generalization according to nine general headings: Train and Hope; Sequential Modification; Introduce to Natural Maintaining Contingencies; Train Sufficient Exemplars; Train Loosely; Use Indiscriminable Contingencies; Program Common Stimuli; Mediate Generalization; and Train “To Generalize”.
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“Failures of generalization are common and should be planned for in the design of any widely used intervention (Lovaas, Koegel, Simmons, & Long, 1973; Stokes & Baer, 1977).”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Stokes & Baer, 1977
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Cites
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Self-citationTHE DEVELOPMENT OF IMITATION BY REINFORCING BEHAVIORAL SIMILARITY TO A MODEL1
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SELF‐REGULATION IN THE MODIFICATION OF DISRUPTIVE CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR1
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Self-citationThe reinforcement of behavior in institutional settings
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CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SAYING AND DOING: TEACHING CHILDREN TO SHARE AND PRAISE1
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Self-citationPROGRAMMING THE GENERALIZATION OF A GREETING RESPONSE IN FOUR RETARDED CHILDREN1
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Self-citationCOLLATERAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACCOMPANYING REINFORCEMENT OF OUTDOOR PLAY IN A PRESCHOOL CHILD1,2
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Self-citationTRAINING PARENTS AS BEHAVIOR MODIFIERS: SELF‐RECORDING OF CONTINGENT ATTENTION1
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Self-citationGENERALIZATION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENT DELINQUENT BOYS1
Horton, L. E. (1970) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1970.3-199 · Cited by 142
THE EFFECT OF VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT ON ATTENTIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CLASSROOM 1
Kazdin, A. E. (1973) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-71 · Cited by 137
PEER REINFORCEMENT CONTROL OF CLASSROOM PROBLEM BEHAVIOR1
Solomon, R. W., & Wahler, R. G. (1973) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-49 · Cited by 135
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENERALIZED IMITATION WITHIN TOPOGRAPHICALLY DETERMINED BOUNDARIES1
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Self-citationDeveloping Correspondence between Children's Words and Deeds
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THE APPLICATION OF GENERALIZED CORRECT SOCIAL CONTINGENCIES: AN EVALUATION OF A TRAINING PROGRAM1
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Self-citationGeneralization in Operant Speech Therapy for Misarticulation
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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Cited by
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Reciprocal Teaching of Comprehension-Fostering and Comprehension-Monitoring Activities
Palinscar, A. S., & Brown, A. L. (1984) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0102_1 · Cited by 5,186
Learning, Remembering, and Understanding
Reynolds, S. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315211985-5 · Cited by 1,428
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Cramer, S. C., Sur, M., Dobkin, B. H., O'Brien, C., Sanger, T. D., Trojanowski, J. Q., Rumsey, J. M., Hicks, R., Cameron, J., Chen, D., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr039 · Cited by 1,259
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Fixsen, D. L., Blase, K. A., Naoom, S. F., & Wallace, F. (2009) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731509335549 · Cited by 1,103
A Randomized Trial of Methods to Help Clinicians Learn Motivational Interviewing.
Miller, W. R., Yahne, C. E., Moyers, T. B., Martinez, J., & Pirritano, M. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.1050 · Cited by 1,075
Metadata
- Authors
- Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stokes, Trevor F.
- ORCID
- Stokes, Trevor F.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1977-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 349-367
- ISSN
- 0021-8855 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3703
- PMC
- PMC1311194
- OpenAlex
- W1998493215
- Cited by
- 3,351
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 84
- FWCI
- 63.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- generalization, discrimination, stimulus control, stimulus equivalence, stimulus generalization
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