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Informational Paper: Drug‐Associated Gingival Enlargement
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This informational paper is intended to provide the dental profession with an overview of existing evidence regarding the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical management of drug‐associated gingival enlargement. J Periodontol 2004;75:1424‐1431.
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“The severity of overgrowth varies among different classes of drugs, with phenytoin having the highest incidence of reported cases, whereas cases associated with sodium valproate are minimal.”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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“The risk factors and causative agents that increase the abnormal growth of gingiva include age, genetic factors, drug doses, plaque inflammation, and bacteria [3,9].”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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“The documented cases of sodium valproate are minimal.”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Drug Induced Gingival Overgrowth: A Rare Case Report
Mathur, S. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/11384.5500 · Cited by 10
Drug-Induced Gum Overgrowth With Low-Dose Amlodipine: A Case Report
Bhandari, S., Siwakoti, S., Shrestha, S., Gautam, K., & Bhandari, S. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.25220 · Cited by 10
“Most of the increase in connective tissue is mediated by inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor growth factor beta1, and prostaglandin E2, which are secreted as part of an inflammatory response to the drugs and lead to fibroblast overgrowth [2,9].”
BackgroundTreatment of calcium channel blocker-induced gingival overgrowth without modifying medication
Morikawa, S., Nasu, M., Miyashita, Y., & Nakagawa, T. (2021) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-238872 · Cited by 10
Levetiracetam-induced gingival hyperplasia
James, J., Jose, J., & Gafoor, V. (2022) · Journal of Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_1059_21 · Cited by 9
“[5] In a genetically susceptible individuals with poor plaque control, the drug induces a local inflammation, leading to production of cytokines like interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 β .”
Aboujaoude, S., Aoun, G., & Majzoub, Z. (2021) · Materia Socio Medica · doi:10.5455/msm.2021.33.51-55 · Cited by 9
Nonsurgical Management of Nifedipine Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Sam, G., & Sebastián, S. (2014) · Case Reports in Dentistry · doi:10.1155/2014/741402 · Cited by 13
Cota, L. O. M., Viana, M. B., Moreira, P. R., Gomez, R. S., Cortelli, J. R., Cortelli, S. C., & Costa, F. O. (2010) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.04.001 · Cited by 9
Phenytoin and gingival mucosa: A molecular investigation
Candotto, V., Pezzetti, F., Baj, A., Beltramini, G. A., Lauritano, D., Girolamo, M. D., & Curà, F. (2019) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/2058738419828259 · Cited by 9
Emerging Role of MicroRNA-200 Family in Dentistry
Hsieh, P., Huang, C.-C., & Yu, C. (2021) · Non-Coding RNA · doi:10.3390/ncrna7020035 · Cited by 9
“Drug-induced gingival overgrowth/enlargement refers to medication-related gingival hyperplasia or hypertrophy [84].”
BackgroundAmlodipine induced gingival enlargement
Misra, S. R., Lakshmi, S. K., & Mohanty, N. (2021) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-245098 · Cited by 9
miR-200a inhibits proliferation rate in drug-induced gingival overgrowth through targeting ZEB2
Lin, T., Yu, C., Liao, Y., Hsieh, P.-L., Chu, P., Liu, C., Yu, C., & Su, T.-R. (2020) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.031 · Cited by 9
Amlodipine Induced Gum Hypertrophy: A Rare Case Report
Midha, N. K., Reddy, S. C., Chhabra, V., Kumar, D., & Bohra, G. K. (2021) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/1574886316666211122125215 · Cited by 9
Phenytoin-induced severe gingival overgrowth in a child
Kumar, R., Singh, R. K., Verma, N., & Verma, U. P. (2014) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-204046 · Cited by 8
Pant, V. A., & Pandey, S. (2015) · National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.4103/0975-5950.168231 · Cited by 8
Vieira-Junior, J., Oliveira‐Santos, C., Coletta, R. D., Cristianismo-Costa, D., Paranaíba, L., & Martelli‐Júnior, H. (2012) · Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal · doi:10.4317/medoral.17970 · Cited by 7
Gingival hyperplasia: Should drug interaction be blamed for?
Misra, A., Sharma, P. K., Chugh, A., Chugh, V., Gonnade, N. M., & Singh, S. (2017) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/ijp.ijp_57_17 · Cited by 7
Assessment of Negative Gingival Recession: A Critical Component of Periodontal Diagnosis
Wang, I., Chan, H., Johnson, G. K., & Elangovan, S. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12147015 · Cited by 7
Adverse Effects of Medications on Periodontal Tissues
Anil, S., Alyafei, S. H. S. A., George, A. K., & Chalisserry, E. P. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.92166 · Cited by 7
Kim, S. S., Michelsons, S., Creber, K., Rieder, M. J., & Hamilton, D. W. (2015) · Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1007/s12079-015-0303-9 · Cited by 7
Kala, N., Babu, S. P. K. K., Manjeu, J., Aadivalavan, A., & Khan, R. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12587 · Cited by 7
Drug-influenced Gingival Enlargement: Overview of the Clinical Features and Assessment Methods
Sabarudin, M. A., & Taib, H. (2019) · The Journal of Dentists · doi:10.12974/2311-8695.2019.07.1 · Cited by 7
Periodontal Diseases in Children and Adolescents
Doufexi, A., & Nichols, F. C. (2022) · Textbooks in contemporary dentistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78003-6_15 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Dongari‐Bagtzoglou, A. I.
- Corresponding author
- Anna I. Dongari‐Bagtzoglou
- Venue
- Journal of Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1424-1431
- ISSN
- 0022-3492 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-3670
- OpenAlex
- W46952399
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 16.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral and gingival health research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- gingival hyperplasia, prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical management, antiepileptic drugs, immunosuppressants, antithrombotic agents
- MeSH terms
- Anticonvulsants, Calcium Channel Blockers, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Risk Factors, Gingival Overgrowth
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