The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Informational Paper: Drug‐Associated Gingival Enlargement
Open accessAbstract
This informational paper is intended to provide the dental profession with an overview of existing evidence regarding the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical management of drug‐associated gingival enlargement. J Periodontol 2004;75:1424‐1431.
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“The severity of overgrowth varies among different classes of drugs, with phenytoin having the highest incidence of reported cases, whereas cases associated with sodium valproate are minimal.”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The risk factors and causative agents that increase the abnormal growth of gingiva include age, genetic factors, drug doses, plaque inflammation, and bacteria [3,9].”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The documented cases of sodium valproate are minimal.”
From Sodium Valproate-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report With Surgical Intervention (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
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Citations
Cites
Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions
Armitage, G. C. (1999) · Annals of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1 · Cited by 5,110
The Ki-67 protein: From the known and the unknown
Scholzen, T. E., & Gerdes, J. (2000) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(200003)182:3 · Cited by 4,707
CYCLOSPORIN A IN PATIENTS RECEIVING RENAL ALLOGRAFTS FROM CADAVER DONORS
Calne, R. Y., Thiru, S. S., McMaster, P., Craddock, G. N., White, D. J., EVANS, D. B., Dunn, D. C., Pentlow, B. D., & Rolles, K. (1978) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91970-0 · Cited by 1,000
Duncan, M. R., & Berman, B. (1991) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12483971 · Cited by 325
Drug-Induced Gingival Overgrowth: Old Problem, New Problem
Hassell, T. M., & Hefti, A. F. (1991) · Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1177/10454411910020010201 · Cited by 288
Prevalence of Gingival Overgrowth Induced by Calcium Channel Blockers: A Community‐Based Study
Ellis, J. S., Seymour, R. A., Steele, J. G., Robertson, P., Butler, T. J., & Thomason, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.1999.70.1.63 · Cited by 273
Initial observation that cyclosporin‐A induces gingival enlargement in man
Rateitschak‐Plüss, E. M., Hefti, A., Lortscher, R. H., & Thiel, G. (1983) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1983.tb01272.x · Cited by 264
Fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva: A side effect of cyclosporin A therapy
Wysocki, G. P., Gretzinger, H. A., Laupacis, A., Ulan, R. A., & STILLER, C. R. (1983) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology · doi:10.1016/0030-4220(83)90327-4 · Cited by 220
Diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) gingival hyperplasia: drug-induced abnormality of connective tissue.
Hassell, T. M., Page, R. C., Narayanan, A. S., & Cooper, C. (1976) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.73.8.2909 · Cited by 215
A clinical review of drug-induced gingival overgrowths.
Marshall, R., & Bartold, P. (1999) · Australian dental journal · doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.1999.tb00224.x · Cited by 180
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 17
- Rees TD, Levine RA. Systemic drugs as a risk factor for periodontal disease initiation and progression. Com- pend Contin Educ Dent 1995;16:20-42.
- Lewis IK, Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, et al. Use of medica- tions with potential oral adverse drug interactions in com- munity-dwelling elderly. Spec Care Dentist 1993;13: 171-176.
- Seymour R, Heasman P. Drugs, Diseases and the Peri- odontium. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992.
- Gregoriou A, Schneider P, Shaw P. Phenobarbital-induced gingival overgrowth? Report of two cases and complica- tions in management. ASDC J Dent Child 1996;63: 408-413.
- Katz J, Givol N, Chaushu G, Taicher S, Shemer J. Viga- batrin-induced gingival overgrowth. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:180-182.
- Billingham ME. Diagnosis of acute cardiac rejection by endomyocardial biopsy. Bibl Cardiol 1988;43:83-102.
- Boltchi FE, Rees TD, Iacopino AM. Cyclosporine A- induced gingival overgrowth: A comprehensive review. Quintessence Int 1999;30:775-783.
- Ciancio S, Bartz N, Lauciello F. Cyclosporine-induced gingival hyperplasia and chlorhexidine: A case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1991;11:241-245.
- Payne VM. Re: Periodontal management of gingival over- growth in the heart transplant patient: A case report (1997;68:1140-1146). J Periodontol 1998;69:1314-1315.
- Mariani G, Calastrini C, Carinci F, et al. Ultrastructural features of CsA-induced gingival hyperplasia. J Peri- odontol 1993;64:1092-1097.
- Santi E, Bral M. Effect of treatment on cyclosporine- and nifedipine-induced gingival enlargement: Clinical and histologic results. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1998;18:80-85.
- Montebugnoli L, Bernardi F. Cyclosporin A effects on extraoral connective tissue in heart transplanted patients. J Int Acad Periodontol 1999;1:91-94.
- Hassell TM, Buchanan J, Cuchens M, et al. Fluores- cence activated vital cell sorting of human fibroblast subpopulations that bind CsA. J Dent Res 1988;67:273- 276.
- Myrillas TT, Linden GJ, Marley JJ, Irwin CR. Cyclo- sporin A regulates interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 expression in gingiva: Implications for gingival over- growth. J Periodontol 1999;70:294-300.
- Kataoka M, Shimizu Y, Kunikiyo K, et al. Cyclosporin A decreases the degradation of type I collagen in rat gin- gival overgrowth. J Cell Physiol 2000;182:351-358.
- Hall EE. Prevention and treatment considerations in patients with drug-induced gingival enlargement. Curr Opin Periodontol 1997;4:59-63.
- Boraz RA. A dental protocol for the pediatric cardiac transplant patient. ASDC J Dent Child 1986;53:382- 385.
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Items 201–201 of 201
Ask‐Upmark Kidney Disease: Case Report of a Rare Congenital Malformation
Maia, R. M., Andrade, G. A., Guimarães, H. L., Manzi, F. R., da Silva, L. C. P., & Lima, I. L. D. A. (2026) · Case Reports in Pathology · doi:10.1155/crip/5533202
“This finding is consistent with drug-induced gingival overgrowth, a known side effect of the patient's chronic medication regimen, specifically amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker) and valproic acid (an anticonvulsant) [5, 6].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Dongari‐Bagtzoglou, A. I.
- Corresponding author
- Anna I. Dongari‐Bagtzoglou
- Venue
- Journal of Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1424-1431
- ISSN
- 0022-3492 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-3670
- OpenAlex
- W46952399
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 16.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral and gingival health research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- gingival hyperplasia, prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical management, antiepileptic drugs, immunosuppressants, antithrombotic agents
- MeSH terms
- Anticonvulsants, Calcium Channel Blockers, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Risk Factors, Gingival Overgrowth
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