Clarifying the meaning of extracurricular activity: A literature review of definitions
Open accessAbstract
Participation in extracurricular activities has long been recognized as having important benefits for business students, including the development of competencies relevant to future career success. Unfortunately, a review of the literature suggests that what constitutes an extracurricular activity remains ambiguous and unclear as no generally-accepted definition has been established in the literature. Instead, the meaning is often described in terms of examples. It is argued that the lack of a definition hampers research because it does not allow for proper classification of activities. The purpose of this study is to address this gap through a review of the relevant literature. Based on the review, definitions for extracurricular and co-curricular are proposed along with additional clarifications. Implications for scholars and academic advising are also provided.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bartkus et al. distinguished extra-curricular activities (those proceeding independently of academic coursework) from co-curricular activities (those intentionally aligned with the learning outcomes of formal curriculum).
“Bartkus, Nemelka, Nemelka, and Gardner [27], through a comprehensive literature review, distinguished extra-curricular activities (those proceeding independently of academic coursework) from co-curricular activities (those intentionally aligned with the learning outcomes of formal curriculum).”
From Toward Sustainable AI Literacy in Higher Education: A Delphi–AHP Approach to Identifying Key Components of AI/Data Extracurricular Programs (2026) · cites this paper as [27]
In “An analysis of” (page not provided), Bartkus et al. distinguish the two categories and say co-curricular activities are aligned with curriculum objectives. Their proposed definition also requires participation to meet a curricular requirement; they note that a voluntary activity can be closely aligned with a student's major yet still have characteristics of an extracurricular activity. The citing sentence omits that requirement and makes alignment sound like the decisive distinction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band
Eccles, J. S., & Barber, B. L. (1999) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558499141003 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
Junco, R. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.004 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
Hansen, D. M., Larson, R. W., & Dworkin, J. (2003) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/1532-7795.1301006 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, B. D., & Farmer, T. W. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.2.409 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.698 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Extracurricular School Activities: The Good, the Bad, and the Nonlinear
Marsh, H. W., & Kleitman, S. (2002) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.72.4.051388703v7v7736 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Terenzini, P. T., Pascarella, E. T., & Blimling, G. S. (1996) · Journal of college student development · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2006) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads1003_3 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Recruiters’ Perceptions and Use of Applicant Résumé Information: Screening the Recent Graduate
Cole, M. S., Rubin, R. S., Feild, H. S., & Giles, W. F. (2007) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00288.x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Brown, B. K., & Campion, M. A. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.897 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Rubin, R. S., Bommer, W. H., & Baldwin, T. T. (2002) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.10053 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Behavioral Coursework in Business Education: Growing Evidence of a Legitimacy Crisis
Rynes, S. L., Trank, C. Q., Lawson, A., & Ilieș, R. (2003) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2003.10932135 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2010) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00627.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Keen, C. H., & Hall, K. S. (2008) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1353/jhe.0.0037 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Chia, Y. M. (2005) · Accounting Education · doi:10.1080/0693928042000229707 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Keen, C. H., & Hall, K. S. (2009) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2009.11772130 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
College experiences and managerial performance.
Howard, A. (1986) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.530 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Who Are the Alumni Donors? Giving by Two Generations of Alumni from Selective Colleges
Clotfelter, C. T. (2001) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.12201 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Impressions of the resume: The effects of applicant education, experience, and impression management
Knouse, S. B. (1994) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02230985 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hough, L. M. (1984) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.1.135 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
College experiences and managerial performance.
Howard, A. (1986) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.71.3.530 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The College Plans of Academically Talented Students
KERR, B. A., & Colangelo, N. (1988) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1988.tb02009.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
No, the Sky Is Not Falling: Evidence of Accounting Student Characteristics at FSA Schools, 1995–2000
Nelson, I. T., Vendrzyk, V. P., Quirin, J. J., & Allen, R. D. (2002) · Issues in Accounting Education · doi:10.2308/iace.2002.17.3.269 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Differential Effects of Extracurricular Activities on Attributions in Résumé Evaluation
Nemanick, R. C., & Clark, E. M. (2002) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00210 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The interview process: An examination of factors recruiters use in evaluating job applicants
Kinicki, A. J., & Lockwood, C. A. (1985) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/0001-8791(85)90012-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hakel, M. D., Dobmeyer, T. W., & Dunnette, M. D. (1970) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028649 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Staff conceptions of curricular and extracurricular activities in higher education
Clegg, S., Stevenson, J., & Willott, S. J. (2009) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-009-9269-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The role of extracurricular activities in active citizenship education
Aschenberger, F. K., Akar, H., & Yıldırım, A. (2011) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2011.591433 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Barnett, L. A. (2007) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2007.11950110 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Association between the Directional Accuracy of Self-Efficacy and Accounting Course Performance
Christensen, T. E., Fogarty, T. J., & Wallace, W. A. (2002) · Issues in Accounting Education · doi:10.2308/iace.2002.17.1.1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Immigrant Youth Involvement in School-Based Extracurricular Activities
Peguero, A. A. (2010) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220670903468340 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Campion, M. A. (1978) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1978.42.3.947 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Helping out or hanging out: the features of involvement and how it relates to university adjustment
Tieu, T.-T., Pancer, S. M., Pratt, M. W., Wintre, M. G., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., Polivy, J., & Adams, G. R. (2009) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-009-9303-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Peer education in student leadership programs: Responding to co‐curricular challenges
Haber, P. (2011) · New Directions for Student Services · doi:10.1002/ss.385 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Raymond, M. A., Carlson, L., & Hopkins, C. D. (2006) · Journal of Marketing Education · doi:10.1177/0273475305284640 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Engineering Leadership Program: A Co-Curricular Learning Environment by and for Students.
Athreya, K. S., & Kalkhoff, M. T. (2010) · Journal of STEM Education Innovations and Research · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Students' Attitudes Toward Extracurricular Activity in an Institution of Higher Learning
Беликова, Л. Ф. (2002) · Russian Education & Society · doi:10.2753/res1060-9393440273 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Co-curricular Assessment Scale Development
Feldmann, M., Aper, J. P., & Meredith, S. T. (2011) · The Journal of General Education · doi:10.1353/jge.2011.0001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Employment, academic and extracurricular contributors to college aspirations.
McGaha, V., & Fitzpatrick, J. A. (2010) · The Journal of college admissions · Cited by 13 · see citing works
CEOs: Early signs of a business career
Boone, L. E., Kurtz, D. L., & Fleenor, C. P. (1988) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/0007-6813(88)90050-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Student-Created Curricular and Co-Curricular Pathways Toward Participation in a Diverse Democracy
Pasque, P. A., Bowman, N. A., Small, J. L., & Lewis, R. (2009) · Multicultural Perspectives · doi:10.1080/15210960903028750 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Electronic co‐curricular student portfolios—putting them into practice
Bresciani, M. J. (2005) · New Directions for Student Services · doi:10.1002/ss.185 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tying Academics to Co-Curriculars Can Teach At-Riskers Responsibility.
Kozik, P., Cowles, R. C., & Sweet, D. J. (2005) · Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed for Quick Review · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The impact of extra-curricular activity on the student experience
Buckley, P. G., & Lee, P. C. K. (2018) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1469787418808988 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Çivitçi, A. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.077 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Seow, P.-S., & Pan, G. (2014) · Journal of Education for Business · doi:10.1080/08832323.2014.912195 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
How Underrepresented Minority Engineering Students Derive a Sense of Belonging from Engineering
Litzler, E., & Samuelson, C. C. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--19688 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Preedy, S., Jones, P. K., Maas, G. J. P., & Duckett, H. (2020) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-12-2019-0408 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Coulangeon, P. (2018) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soy016 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bridging the employability skills gap: going beyond classroom walls
Tan, L. M., Laswad, F., & Chua, F. (2021) · Pacific Accounting Review · doi:10.1108/par-04-2021-0050 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Behtoui, A. (2019) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2018.1540924 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Jackson, D. A., & Dean, B. A. (2022) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-022-00966-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Student-led enterprise groups and entrepreneurial learning
Preedy, S., & Jones, P. K. (2017) · Industry and Higher Education · doi:10.1177/0950422216689349 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Co-Curriculum Implementation and Assessment in Accredited Doctor of Pharmacy Programs
Maerten‐Rivera, J., Chen, A. M. H., Augustine, J. M., d’Assalenaux, R., Lee, K. C., Lindsey, C. C., Malcom, D. R., Mauro, L. S., Pavuluri, N., Rudolph, M. J., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7569 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Extracurricular activities in medical education: an integrative literature review
Kim, S., Jeong, H., Cho, H., & Yu, J. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04245-w · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Una revisión sistemática del concepto de actividad extracurricular en Educación Superior
Díaz-Iso, A., Eizaguirre, A., & Olalla, A. M. G. (2020) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.25765 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
You, J. W. (2018) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845318802108 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hordósy, R., & Clark, T. (2018) · Research in Post-Compulsory Education · doi:10.1080/13596748.2018.1490094 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Students' Perception of Extracurricular Activities: a Case Study
Han, A., & Kwon, K. (2018) · Journal of Advances in Education Research · doi:10.22606/jaer.2018.33002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mukesh, H. V., Acharya, V., & Rajasekharan Pillai, K. (2022) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-06-2021-0240 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Li, C.-K., Zhang, X., & Cheng, X.-C. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03204-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Siddiky, M. R. (2019) · Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences · doi:10.46568/pjass.v10i1.101 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Li, Z. (2017) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601370.2017.1375565 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Foley, C. T., Darcy, S., Hergesell, A., Almond, B. R., McDonald, M., & Brett, E. (2022) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874221127692 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sandal, J.-U., Detsiuk, T. M., & Холявко, Н. (2020) · Advanced Education · doi:10.20535/2410-8286.192411 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Survei Kondisi Fisik Peserta Ekstrakurikuler Futsal Putra dan Putri Sekolah Menengah Atas
Litardiansyah, B., & Hariyanto, E. (2022) · Sport Science and Health · doi:10.17977/um062v2i62020p331-339 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hui, Y. K., Kwok, L. F., & Ip, H. H. S. (2021) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.6734 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dang, H. P., & Nguyen‐Viet, B. (2021) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2021.1888672 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Charite, J. L., Macinko, J. A., Hedrick, R., Santoro, M., & Dudovitz, R. (2023) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2023.01.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lu, H., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2214803 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Factors impacting curricula in maritime simulator-based education
Karahalil, M., Lützhöft, M., & Scanlan, J. D. (2024) · WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs · doi:10.1007/s13437-024-00351-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Changing facets of higher education in management: a students’ perspective
Rastogi, S., Sharma, A., & Panse, C. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-07-2018-0196 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Extracurricular Activities at Modern Russian University: Student and Faculty Views
Logvinova, O. K., & Ivanova, G. P. (2017) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.12973/ejmste/79797 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
KOCAYİĞİT, A., & Ekinci, N. (2020) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.749109 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A question of balance: study–work–life, perspectives from accounting students
Beatson, N. J., Lange, P. D., & Oosthuizen, H. (2021) · Pacific Accounting Review · doi:10.1108/par-09-2020-0137 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Singh, J. K. N., Holmes, H., & Gupta, S. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.2023.2197989 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sukiman, S., Suyatno, S., & Yap, S. N. K. (2021) · Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam · doi:10.14421/jpai.2021.182-07 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Program Dışı Etkinliklerin Öğrenci Gelişimine Etkisi
Uzun, F., & Bolat, Y. (2023) · Harran Education Journal · doi:10.22596/hej.1244118 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The role of group memberships and school identification on student well‐being
Dunstone, E. K., Reynolds, K. J., & Cárdenas, D. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12685 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lundberg, E., & Abdelzadeh, A. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12443 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nassar, F. S., Abbas, A. O., Al-Saify, H., & Ali, O. (2024) · Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review · doi:10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v5.n01.pe02758 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Does soft skill development vary among the students? A gender perspective
Siddiky, M. R. (2020) · Turkish Journal of Education · doi:10.19128/turje.658198 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Foley, C. T., Darcy, S., Hergesell, A., Almond, B., McDonald, M., Nguyen, L. T., & Morgan-Brett, E. (2023) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2023.2168030 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ice Breaking: Implementasi, Manfaat dan Kendalanya untuk Meningkatkan Konsentrasi Belajar Siswa
Marzatifa, L., Agustina, M., & Inayatillah, I. (2021) · Al - Azkiya Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MI/SD · doi:10.32505/3013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Memarian, B., & Olewnik, A. T. (2023) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v23i20.6716 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhang, W., & Veecock, C. (2023) · Chinese Education & Society · doi:10.1080/10611932.2024.2303929 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evaluation of Entrepreneurship Education for University Students: A Scale Development Study
Setiawan, A. (2023) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.47750/pegegog.13.02.29 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
How do Tertiary Education Students Perceive Co-Curricular Activities under the New Education System?
Wong, H. S.-M., & Leung, S. (2018) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v11n2p83 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
How to Increase Students’ Involvement in Extracurricular Activities: A Structural Equation Model
Assante, G. M., & Lișman, C. G. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13111121 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
BLENDING EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES WITH ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: PAIN OR GAIN?
Afalla, B. T. (2020) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2020.8423 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Matthews, M. E., Avoundjian, A., Ameripour, D., Fakolade, W., Wu, M., & Haworth, I. S. (2022) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2022.02.003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pareja, R. M., Sánchez‐Gelabert, A., & Palou, A. (2022) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-022-09969-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
CRESDA: towards a personalized student advisory for professional development
Hui, Y. K., Kwok, L. F., & Ip, H. H. S. (2020) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2020.1780270 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Raffo, C., & Forbes, C. (2020) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2020.1835625 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mallmann, C., Nasu, V. H., & Domingues, M. J. C. D. S. (2021) · Revista de Educação e Pesquisa em Contabilidade (REPeC) · doi:10.17524/repec.v15i2.2751 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Burad, M., Laowanichwith, C., Kiatsukasem, A., Supa-amornkul, S., & Sipiyaruk, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013249 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mogonea, F. (2023) · Analele Universității din Craiova seria Psihologie-Pedagogie/Annals of the University of Craiova Series Psychology- Pedagogy · doi:10.52846/aucpp.2023.1.13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Islamic supplementary education as an extra-curricular activity
Berglund, J. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Islamic Studies · doi:10.7146/tifo.v17i2.142419 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Non-Academic Achievement Improvement Through Extracurricular
Devi, A. D., Naimah, N., & Dinana, A. (2021) · Aksara Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal · doi:10.37905/aksara.7.2.283-292.2021 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mkude, M., & Mubofu, C. (2022) · Research Ambition An International Multidisciplinary e-Journal · doi:10.53724/ambition/v6n4.02 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, W.-L., Mariano, J. M., Zhu, M., & Jiang, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1001766 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shorinji kempo basic technique training method based on local wisdom for beginners kenshi
Wali, C. N., & Widiyanto, W. (2021) · JOURNAL SPORT AREA · doi:10.25299/sportarea.2021.vol6(3).6403 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bae, J.-S., Ko, K.-M., & Park, H.-J. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18168050 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Saba, N. (2023) · The Knowledge · doi:10.63062/tk/2k23a.24209 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, L. A., Duong, T. T., & Trinh, C. V. (2025) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2025.08.013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Uysal, F., & Kısa, N. (2021) · Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.33400/kuje.913535 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Defining Co-Curricular Assessment and Charting a Path Forward
Abras, C. N., Nailos, J. N., Lauka, B., Hoshaw, J. P., & Taylor, J. N. (2022) · Intersection A Journal at the Intersection of Assessment and Learning · doi:10.61669/001c.39706 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
ARE EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IMPORTANT FOR GENERAL FOUNDATION PROGRAMME STUDENTS?
Ajmi, Z. S. A., & Adawi, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic Purposes · doi:10.22190/jtesap230601044a · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Assessing the Lasting Impact of Co-Curricular Service Learning in Undergraduate Chemistry
Cruz, D. J. L., Guidote, A. M., Lee Yu, H. L., & Adarlo, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c01333 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kim, K. (2022) · The Korean Association of General Education · doi:10.46392/kjge.2022.16.2.405 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Saleem, N. E. (2023) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.109718 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pengaruh Metode Latihan Jarak Tetap Dan Jarak Bertahap Terhadap Kemampuan Passing Futsal
Prabowo, H. Y., & Nurhidayat, N. (2022) · Indonesian Journal of Sport Science and Technology (IJST) · doi:10.31316/ijst.v1i1.4181 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, R., Tomek, S. E., & Feng, S. (2025) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/00224669251326087 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Academic trips in higher education: identifying trends through a systematic literature review
Móstoles, R. C., & Escrivá-Beltrán, M. (2025) · ESIC MARKET Economic and Business Journal · doi:10.7200/esicm.56.350 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Influential Factors in the Out-of-class Activities of Korean College Students
Bae, S. H., Jeon, S. B., & Han, S. I. (2015) · IJREE – International Journal for Research on Extended Education · doi:10.3224/ijree.v3i2.20892 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
High School Sport Participation Intensity and Breadth
Lang, C., & Tapps, T. N. (2021) · Theory & Practice in Rural Education · doi:10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n1p76-93 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Balila, J. S., Heng, P. H., Tiatri, S., Balila, E. A., Narbarte, M. P., & Tumanggor, R. O. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210805.203 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Before COVID This Was Not Normal:” A Photovoice Exploration of College Student Experiences
MacDonald, E. A., & Murphy, K. M. (2022) · LEARNing Landscapes · doi:10.36510/learnland.v15i1.1080 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kim, B., & Ha, G. (2024) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2024.2380907 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Makaoui, I., & Mazari, A. (2024) · Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics · doi:10.32996/jeltal.2024.6.3.6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The role of student affairs in regional accreditation: Why and how to be included
Gordon, S. R., Shefman, P., Heinrich, B., & Gage, K. (2019) · Journal of Student Affairs Inquiry Improvement and Impact · doi:10.18060/27916 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sisto, M. D., & Dickinson, G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9957-2_12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tertiary Learning Environment and Extracurricular Activities
Romanov, A. A., & Zavertyayeva, Y. A. (2020) · International Scientific Conference "Digitalization of Education: History, Trends and Prospects" (DETP) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.200509.139 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Extracurricular Opportunities Available to Students Attending Schools Located in Poverty Areas
Phillips, T. M., Thames, C., Thorne, E., & Grubbs, E. (2021) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098655.2021.1935431 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xu, L., & Hu, Y. (2023) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2023.2231952 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wraae, B., Ramsgaard, M. B., Ellborg, K., & Nybye, N. L. (2024) · Contemporary issues in entrepreneurship research · doi:10.1108/s2040-724620240000019002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mntuyedwa, V. (2020) · University of the Western Cape Electronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of the Western Cape) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Simmons, J. M. (2017) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Examination of Students' Entrepreneurial Learning through Extracurricular Enterprise Activities
Preedy, S. (2018) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/1255 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Extracurricular Activities on Students’ Academic Performance: The Good or the Bad?
Dang, V. T. T. (2021) · International Conference on E-Society, E-Education and E-Technology (ICSET) · doi:10.1145/3485768.3485807 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dang, V. T. T. (2021) · International Conference on Education and E-Learning (ICEEL) · doi:10.1145/3502434.3502446 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xuân, L., & Thảo, L. T. (2023) · NURTURE · doi:10.55951/nurture.v17i2.184 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bowlin, W., & White, C. C. (2023) · Community College Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/10668926.2023.2249857 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The impact of extra-curricular activity on student loyalty
Buckley, P., & Daly, P. (2025) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874251347190 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nassar, F. S. (2025) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2025.105805 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Türkiye ve Finlandiya Eğitim Sistemlerindeki Program Dışı Etkinlik Uygulamalarının Karşılaştırılması
Adsız, R., & Gül, Y. E. (2025) · Milli Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.37669/milliegitim.1569146 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nunev, S. T. (2019) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2019.1627309 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Transformational Competency-Based Education According to Future-Oriented Educational Design Plans
Seol, Y.-K. (2020) · The Korean Association of General Education · doi:10.46392/kjge.2020.14.3.25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The role of extracurricular activities in foreign language teaching
Normurodova, N., Charos, U., & Olimzoda, P. (2021) · Общество и инновации · doi:10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss5/s-pp12-16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Extracurricular Types and Academic Success
(2021) · International Journal of Psychological Research and Reviews · doi:10.28933/ijprr-2021-07-2205 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yin, Y. M., & Mu, G. M. (2021) · Journal of Education for Teaching International Research and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/02607476.2021.1978818 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amara, T. M. (2021) · Journal of English as A Foreign Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.31098/jefltr.v1i2.618 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dang, V. T. T. (2021) · International Conference on Education Technology and Computer · doi:10.1145/3498765.3498827 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bartkus, K. R., Nemelka, B., Nemelka, M., & Gardner, P.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Business Education (AJBE)
- Publisher
- Clute Institute
- Published
- 2012-10-30
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 693-704
- ISSN
- 1942-2504 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-2512
- OpenAlex
- W2117149004
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Business Education (AJBE) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education and Employability
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Management and Marketing Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Keywords
- extracurricular activities, definitions, co-curricular activities, business students, career development, competence development, academic advising
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
