The relationship among Iranian EFL teachers' professional identity, self-efficacy and critical thinking skills
Open accessAbstract
Teachers’ beliefs, attitudes, and identities have been considered as the main factors in improving their performance to enhance students’ learning. The present study aimed to explore the relationship among Iranian EFL teachers’ professional identity, their self-efficacy, and their critical thinking skills in their teaching process. To achieve the objective of the study, 75 EFL teachers participated in this study. Three instruments were used to collect the required data including professional identity, TEBS-Self questionnaires, and the Watson‐Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal test. The findings in the present study demonstrate that there was a strong positive relationship of the EFL teachers’ professional identity between their self-efficacy and their critical thinking skills. The results of the ANOVA (analysis of variance models) test indicated that the EFL teachers’ professional identity could predict their self-efficacy and their critical thinking skills.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several studies indicate that PI is positively associated with TSE.
“Several studies indicate that PI is positively associated with TSE (Canrinus et al., 2012; Moslemi and Habibi, 2019; Yao et al., 2021).”
From AI teaching innovation behavior among college teachers: a structural equation modeling analysis based on the AI-TPACK framework, teaching self-efficacy, professional identity, and AI literacy (2026) · cites this paper as Moslemi and Habibi, 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835 · see citing works
Self-efficacy: the exercise of control
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1826 · Cited by 24,409 · see citing works
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 19,180 · see citing works
Teacher efficacy: capturing an elusive construct
Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2001) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/s0742-051x(01)00036-1 · Cited by 6,839 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…(a) Demographic Variables such as age, area of certification, gender, grade(s) instructed, and so on (Pajares, 1996; Pintrich & Schunk, 1995; Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001); (b) Performance Accomplishments refers to individual’s successes to increase self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997); (c)…”
BackgroundMotivation in Education: Theory, Research, and Applications
Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (1995) · Cited by 5,724 · see citing works
Teacher Efficacy: Its Meaning and Measure
Tschannen‐Moran, M., Hoy, A. W., & Hoy, W. K. (1998) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543068002202 · Cited by 4,571 · see citing works
Reconsidering research on teachers' professional identity
Beijaard, D., Meijer, P. C., & Verloop, N. (2004) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2003.07.001 · Cited by 3,539 · see citing works
Teacher efficacy: A construct validation.
Gibson, S., & Dembo, M. H. (1984) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.569 · Cited by 3,426 · see citing works
Borg, S. (2003) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444803001903 · Cited by 2,543 · see citing works
The differential antecedents of self-efficacy beliefs of novice and experienced teachers
Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2007) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2006.05.003 · Cited by 1,976 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Tschannen-Moran and Hoy (2007), in their study about the difference between the efficacy of novice and experienced practicing teachers, found that verbal persuasion significantly predicted novice teachers’ sense of efficacy because “teachers who are struggling in their early years in their careers…”
BackgroundThe Courage to Teach: Exploring the Inner Landscape of a Teacher's Life
Litz, R., & Palmer, P. J. (1999) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259090 · Cited by 1,701 · see citing works
Prospective teachers' sense of efficacy and beliefs about control.
Woolfolk, A. E., & Hoy, W. K. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.81 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Runaway World: How Globalization Is Reshaping Our Lives
Giddens, A. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_45 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Negotiating Participation and Identity in Second Language Academic Communities
Morita, N. (2004) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3588281 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Learning as dialogue: The dependence of learner autonomy on teacher autonomy
Little, D. (1995) · System · doi:10.1016/0346-251x(95)00006-6 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
THE COURAGE TO TEACH: EXPLORING THE INNER LANDSCAPE OF A TEACHER'S LIFE
Palmer, P. J. (2000) · Journal of Legal Studies Education · doi:10.1111/j.1744-1722.2000.tb00290.x · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Measuring teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs: Development and use of the TEBS-Self
Dellinger, A. B., Bobbett, J. J., Olivier, D. F., & Ellett, C. D. (2007) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2007.02.010 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Teacher Efficacy and Student Problem as Factors in Special Education Referral
Soodak, L. C., & Podell, D. M. (1993) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246699302700105 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Smith, E. P., Walker, K. L., Fields, L., Brookins, C. C., & SEAY, R. C. (1999) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0281 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Beliefs That Make a Difference: The Origins and Impacts of Teacher Efficacy.
Ross, J. A. (1994) · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Helleve, A., Flisher, A. J., Onya, H. E., Mukoma, W., & Klepp, K. (2009) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691050802562613 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A Guide for Educators to Critical Thinking Competency Standards
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2019) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5771/9781538133934 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Extending the Concept and Assessment of Teacher Efficacy
Rich, Y., Lev, S., & Fischer, S. (1996) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164496056006007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Targeting critical thinking within teacher education: The potential impact on society
Williams, R. L. (2004) · The Teacher Educator · doi:10.1080/08878730509555359 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Science teaching as knowledgability: A case study of knowing and learning during coteaching
Roth, W. (1998) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-237x(199806)82:3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The monkey's mask: identity, memory, narrative and voice
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-0438 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Critical Thinking Lacks Definition and Uniform Evaluation Criteria
Ruminski, H., & Hanks, W. E. (1995) · Journalism & Mass Communication Educator · doi:10.1177/107769589505000302 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Teachers' Interpretations of Second Language Teaching Curricula
Woods, D. (1991) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/003368829102200201 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Strouhal, M. (2024) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004705968_011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Brookfield, S., Rudolph, J., & Tan, S. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003447467-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
An overview of social work education in the United States: new directions and new opportunities
Colby, I. C. (2009) · China Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/17525090902992339 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Communicative language teaching in Japanese high schools: Teachers' beliefs and classroom practices
Nishino, T. (2009) · TUScholarShare (Temple University) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Developing Critical Thinking Skills through a Variety of Instructional Strategies.
Collier, K., Guenther, T., & Veerman, C. (2002) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Institutional identity of teachers: A determinant of teacher efficacy
Samar, R. G., Kiany, G. R., Akbari, R., & Azimi, H. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22132/tel.2011.54927 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Thoughtful Teachers, Thoughtful Learners: A Guide to Helping Adolescents Think Critically
Unrau, N. J. (1997) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Bandura, A. (1998). Insight: Self-efficacy. Harvard Mental Health Letter, 13(9), 4-6.
- Beijaard, D., Verloop, N., & Vermunt, J. D. (2000). Teachers' perception of professional identity: an exploratory study from a personal knowledge perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16(7), 749-764.
- Berman, P., M. McLaughlin, G. Bass, E. Pauly, & G. Zellman. (1977). Federal Programs Supporting Educational Change (Vol.7): Factors Affecting Imple- mentation and Continuation. Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation.
- Emir, S. (2009). Education faculty students' critical thinking disposition ac- cording to academic achievement. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 2466-2469.
- Facione, P. A. (2009). Critical thinking. CA: The California Academic Press.
- Halvorsen, A. (2005). Incorporating critical thinking skills development into ESL/ EFL courses. The Internet TESL Journal, 11(3), 1-5.
- Maddux, J. E. (1995). Looking for common ground: a comment on Kirsch and Bandura. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation and adjustment: theory, research, and application (pp. 377-386). New York: Plenum McGraw Hill.
- McPeck, J. E. (1981). Critical thinking in education. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Seferolu, S., & Akbıyık, C. (2006). Elestirel düünme ve ogretimi. H. U. Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi (H.U. Journal of Education). 30, 193-200.
- Volkmann, M. J., & Anderson, M. A. (1998). Creating professional identity: Dilemmas and metaphors of a first-year chemistry teacher. Science Education, 82(3), 293-310.
- White, J. L., & Parham, T. A. (1990). The psychology of Blacks: An African American Perspective (2 nd ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of teacher identity in teacher self-efficacy development: the case of Katie
Marschall, G. (2021) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-021-09515-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Unpacking EFL Teacher Self-Efficacy in Livestream Teaching in the Chinese Context
Liu, H., Chu, W., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717129 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cai, Z., Zhu, J., & Tian, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070763 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Namaziandost, E., Heydarnejad, T., Doqaruni, V. R., & Azizi, Z. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04041-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Zarrinabadi, N., Jamalvandi, B., & Rezazadeh, M. (2023) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688231151787 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Inclusion of JD-R Theory Perspective to Enhance Employee Engagement
Rasool, S. F., Almas, T., Afzal, F., & Mohelská, H. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231220207 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Suprijono, A., Abbas, E. W., & Riyadi, R. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2458915 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Rahman, M. N. A., Wahab, H. B. A., & Qiu, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1569062 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Learning Style Practices and Critical Thinking of Students in Malaysia
Mahmood, M. S., & Othman, M. K. (2020) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2020.080833 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liao, W., Liu, W., & Yuan, R. E. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101795 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Marisa, R., Rachmajanti, S., & Anugerahwati, M. (2024) · The JALT CALL Journal · doi:10.29140/jaltcall.v20n2.1315 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Performance analysis of neuro linguistic programming techniques using confusion matrix
Kumar, A., & Panda, S. P. (2022) · Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science · doi:10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1696-1702 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Uscanga, R. R. R., & Torres-Delgado, G. (2022) · International Conference on e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning · doi:10.1145/3514262.3514272 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Xinke, S., Razali, A. B., & Sulaiman, T. (2024) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.23.6.6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
DeLuca, C., Willis, J., Cowie, B., Harrison, C. A., Coombs, A., & Gibson, A. (2023) · Teacher education, learning innovation and accountability · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6199-3_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Putri, R. D. N., Prastikawati, E. F., & Hawa, F. (2024) · Language Circle Journal of Language and Literature · doi:10.15294/lc.v19i1.3195 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chaves-Barboza, E., Martínez, T. S., Marín, J. A. M., & Prieto, M. S. (2019) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci9030188 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The predictor roles of age, self-efficacy, and teaching experience on EFL teachers’ speaking anxiety
Mohammadi, V., & Rezaei, S. (2021) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
VIEIRA, J. M. (2023) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2023.1377334 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bai, X., & Hsieh, T.-S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1834827
“Several studies indicate that PI is positively associated with TSE (Canrinus et al., 2012; Moslemi and Habibi, 2019; Yao et al., 2021).”
Learning Through Tensions: Student Teacher Assessment Identity Development
Ge, J., DeLuca, C., LaPointe-McEwan, D., Carbone, K., & Searle, M. (2022) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2026.2663464
Özelçi, S. Y. (2025) · Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37217/tebd.1558185
Investigating General Self-Efficacy and Teachers’ Professional Identity of Yogyakarta EFL Teachers
Wati, R. E., Kuswandono, P., & Ena, O. T. (2024) · Language Circle Journal of Language and Literature · doi:10.15294/lc.v19i1.15743
Song, X., Razali, A. B., & Sulaiman, T. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5376577
Zhao, Y., Kamaruddin, A. Y., Ladin, C. A., & Ai, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1881577
Keshmirshekan, M. H. (2026) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2026.2741152
- Authors
- Moslemi, N., & Habibi, P.
- Affiliations
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IR)
- Venue
- HOW
- Published
- 2019-03-19
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-128
- ISSN
- 0120-5927 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2925170341
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- HOW (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Critical Thinking Development
- Keywords
- EFL teachers, teacher identity, teacher self-efficacy, critical thinking skills, Iranian teachers, teacher beliefs, teacher attitudes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review