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PreprintCited by 12Spaceflight effects on biologyBone Metabolism and DiseasesBone health and osteoporosis research

Microgravity, Bone Homeostasis, and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1

Open access
Smith, John Kelly·2020·Applied Sciences
DOI 10.20944/preprints202005.0293.v1

Preprint — published as 10.3390/app10134433

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Abstract

Astronauts at are risk of losing 1.0 – 1.5% of their bone mass for every month they spend in space despite their adherence to high impact exercise training programs designed to preserve the musculoskeletal system. This article reviews the basics of bone formation and resorption and details how exposure to microgravity or simulated microgravity affects the structure and function of osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and their mesenchymal and hematologic stem cell precursors. It details the critical roles that insulin-like growth facor-1 and its receptor IGFR1 play in maintaining bone homeostasis and how exposure of bone cells to microgravity affects the function of these growth factors. Lastly, it discusses the potential of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, syncytin-A, and sclerostin inhibitors and recombinant IGF-1 as a bone-saving treatment for astronauts in space and during their colonization of the Moon.

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Crossref · 10.20944/preprints202005.0293.v1

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  • Space travel has adverse effects on the osteoimmunological system, particularly bone homeostasis.

    “Man’s venture into the vacuum of space where the force of gravity is one millionth of that on Earth has resulted in adverse effects on the osteoimmunological system, particularly bone homeostasis [8].”

    From Osteoclasts and Microgravity (2020) · cites this paper as [8]

    The Introduction says microgravity adversely affects the musculoskeletal system, particularly bone, and §3.2 reports bone loss in astronauts after spaceflight. The IGF-1 section also describes gravity in space as one-millionth of that on Earth. The source does not establish the broader claim about adverse effects on the osteoimmunological system; it refers instead to the musculoskeletal system. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Space-related bone and joint changes may persist for years after astronauts return to Earth despite efforts to protect their skeletal systems.

    “Astronauts are not only at risk of progressive bone and cartilage loss while in space but must also face the reality that space-related bone and joint changes may persist for years after their return to Earth despite efforts made to protect their skeletal systems [8,9,10,11,12,13].”

    From Osteoclasts and Microgravity (2020) · cites this paper as [8]

    The Osteoblasts section reports bone loss in astronauts during spaceflight, and the Discussion describes efforts to find treatments for it. Neither passage establishes that bone or joint changes persist for years after astronauts return to Earth; the copy passages found do not address that duration or post-flight joint changes. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Astronauts are at risk of progressive bone and cartilage loss while in space.

    “Astronauts are not only at risk of progressive bone and cartilage loss while in space but must also face the reality that space-related bone and joint changes may persist for years after their return to Earth despite efforts made to protect their skeletal systems [8,9,10,11,12,13].”

    From Osteoclasts and Microgravity (2020) · cites this paper as [8]

    Section 3.2 (Osteoblasts; page unavailable) reports bone loss in astronauts after a month of spaceflight, supporting the bone-loss portion. The passages retrieved for cartilage loss do not address cartilage, so this source does not support that portion of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Many studies on bone homeostasis have been motivated by the need to find treatments capable of modifying osteoclast activity without inducing osteopetrosis.

    “many of the studies on bone homeostasis have been motivated by the need to find treatments capable of modifying osteoclast activity without inducing osteopetrosis [8]”

    From Osteoclasts and Microgravity (2020) · cites this paper as [8]

    The Discussion says many bone-homeostasis studies in space and microgravity models are motivated by finding treatments to prevent bone loss. The Osteoclasts and Sclerostin sections discuss osteoclast activity and a treatment that decreases bone resorption, but our copy does not say that avoiding osteopetrosis motivates those studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Osteocytes respond to hydrostatic and fluid shear stresses in the lacunae and canaliculi and are largely responsible for the control of bone homeostasis.

    “Osteocytes respond to hydrostatic and fluid shear stresses in the lacunae and canaliculi and are largely responsible for the control of bone homeostasis [8] (Figure 1).”

    From Osteoclasts and Microgravity (2020) · cites this paper as [8]

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Cites

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Smith, J. K.
Affiliations
East Tennessee State University (US)
Corresponding author
Smith, John Kelly
ORCID
Smith, John Kelly
Venue
Applied Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-05-18
Volume
10
Issue
13
Pages
4433-4433
ISSN
2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.20944/preprints202005.0293.v1
OpenAlex
W3122581553
Cited by
12
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2020: 2
FWCI
1.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Keywords
microgravity, bone homeostasis, insulin-like growth factor I, IGF-1 receptor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, bone formation and resorption, simulated microgravity, TRAIL, sclerostin inhibitors, recombinant IGF-1, spaceflight bone loss, lunar colonization

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