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PreprintCited by 2,411Antibiotic Use and ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance in BacteriaPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health

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Salam, Md. Abdus, Al-Amin, Md. Yusuf, Salam, Moushumi Tabassoom, Pawar, Jogendra, Akhter, Naseem, Rabaan, Ali A., Alqumber, Mohammed A. A.·2023·Healthcare
DOI 10.20944/preprints202305.0555.v1PMC PMC10340576

Preprint — published as 10.3390/healthcare11131946

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Abstract

Antibiotics are the most magnificent discovery of 20th century that have saved millions of lives from infectious diseases. Microbes have developed acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to many drugs due to high selection pressure from increasing use and misuse of antibiotics over the years. The transmission and acquisition of AMR occur primarily via human–human interface both within and outside of the healthcare facilities. A huge number of interdependent factors related to healthcare and agriculture govern the development of AMR through various drug resistance mechanisms. The emergence and spread of AMR from the unrestricted use of antimicrobials in livestock feed has been a major contributing factor. The prevalence of AMR bacteria has attained its incongruous level worldwide and threatening global public health as silent pandemic, necessitating urgent intervention. Therapeutic options of AMR bacterial infections are limited resulting in significant morbidity and mortality with high financial impact. The paucity in discovery and supply of new novel antimicrobials to treat life-threatening AMR infections stands in sharp contrast to demand. Immediate interventions to contain AMR include surveillance and monitoring, minimizing over the counter antibiotics and antibiotics in food animals, access to quality and affordable medicines, vaccines and diagnostics, and enforcement of legislation. An orchestral collaborative action within and between multiple national and international organizations are required urgently, otherwise, a post-antibiotic era can be a real possibility than an apocalyptic fantasy for the 21st century. This narrative review highlights on the basis, mechanisms and factors in microbial resistance and key strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance.

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  • AMR limits the effectiveness of treatment options, leading to increased morbidity and treatment failure rates, longer hospital stays, elevated mortality rates, and higher healthcare costs.

    “AMR limits the effectiveness of treatment options, leading to increased morbidity and treatment failure rates, longer hospital stays, elevated mortality rates, and higher healthcare costs [2].”

    From A Systematic Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Ghana from a One Health Perspective (2024) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Abstract (page unavailable) says microbes have acquired resistance to many drugs, supporting the claim that AMR limits treatment effectiveness. The available passages do not state that AMR increases morbidity, treatment failure, hospital stays, mortality, or healthcare costs; searches for those outcomes returned only references and other non-substantive text. (LLM, conf=0.72)

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Authors
Salam, M. A., Al-Amin, M. Y., Salam, M. T., Pawar, J., Akhter, N., Rabaan, A. A., & Alqumber, M. A. A.
Affiliations
  • International Islamic University Malaysia (MY)
  • Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
  • University of Rajshahi (BD)
  • Henry Ford Health (US)
  • Alfaisal University (SA)
  • Al Baha University (SA)
Corresponding author
Salam, Md. Abdus
ORCID
Venue
Healthcare
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-05-09
Volume
11
Issue
13
Pages
1946-1946
ISSN
2227-9032 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.20944/preprints202305.0555.v1
PMC
PMC10340576
OpenAlex
W4383273076
Cited by
2,411
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 817 · 2025: 1052 · 2024: 504 · 2023: 37
FWCI
45.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Healthcare (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
International Islamic University Malaysia
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords
antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic misuse, antimicrobial use in livestock, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, transmission of resistant bacteria, post-antibiotic era, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, veterinary antibiotics

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