RELEASE OF NUTRIENTS FROM BROWN AND GRAY SANDSTONE SOIL SUBSTITUTES IN SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA
Open accessAbstract
For forestry post-mining land uses, native topsoil is the preferred rooting media.When insufficient volumes of native soil are present, which is very common in the surface mining region of southern West Virginia, topsoil substitutes are allowed.Two commonly used topsoil substitutes are weathered brown sandstone, which is found at 0 to 10 m below the land surface, and unweathered gray sandstone, which is brought from much lower depths in the overburden column.Questions exist about the suitability of these two substitute materials to provide adequate amounts of nutrients and to supply these nutrients at a rate sufficient for optimum tree growth after placement and as they weather.The objective of this study was to evaluate the release of selected elements from these materials when repeatedly leached with a weak acetic acid extracting solution (Morgan's Extract).Since brown sandstone is generally composed of finer-sized particles than gray sandstone, samples were sieved into two particle size fractions to eliminate the inherent differences in natural particle size distribution.Samples from these two materials at two size fractions were leached with Morgan's extract (0.62M NH 4 OH + 1.25M CH 3 COOH) by two extraction methods to examine the concentrations of Mg, Ca, P, and K released during four leaching events.The two extraction methods were a shaking procedure and an extractor apparatus procedure.Release of total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, and P were not significantly different between brown and gray or between particle sizes (sieve sizes).Comparison of extraction methods showed the extractor method leached more K and P out of samples than the shaking method.However, more Ca was leached using the shaking method compared to the extractor procedure.
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The higher extractable P at Hobet is a common finding on unweathered mine soils like Hobet.
“which is a common fi nding on unweathered mine soils like Hobet.”
From Switchgrass Yield on Reclaimed Surface Mines for Bioenergy Production (2013) · cites this paper as Skousen and Emerson (2010)
The Results and Discussion (page not specified) report the opposite pattern: weathered brown sandstone had significantly higher extractable P than unweathered gray sandstone. The paper does not identify Hobet or describe higher extractable P as a common finding on unweathered mine soils. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSkousen and Emerson (2010) found that extra P in alkaline sandstones was not available to plants.
“Skousen and Emerson (2010) found that this extra P was not available to plants.”
From Switchgrass Yield on Reclaimed Surface Mines for Bioenergy Production (2013) · cites this paper as Skousen and Emerson (2010)
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) identify gray sandstone as alkaline (pH 8) and report significantly higher extractable P in the acidic brown sandstone. The paper measures P released by an extractant, not plant uptake or the availability of any 'extra P' in alkaline sandstone, so it does not establish that this P was unavailable to plants. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPhosphorus extracted by Mehlich 1 in these mine soils was not released by weaker extractants and was not readily available for plant uptake.
“Skousen and Emerson [42] found that this P extracted by Mehlich 1 in these mine soils was not released by weaker extractants that more-closely estimated plant-available P and, therefore, the P in these mine soils was not readily available for plant uptake.”
From Early Tree Growth in Reclaimed Mine Soils in Appalachia USA (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
Materials and Methods (page unavailable) describes Morgan’s Extract as a weak solution intended to estimate biologically available nutrients. The Results and Discussion table reports low but measurable Morgan-extractable phosphorus. Our copy does not compare those results with Mehlich 1 extraction or establish that the phosphorus extracted by Mehlich 1 was unavailable for plant uptake. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGreater P in these soils may not be plant available, as shown by a leaching study.
“but this greater P in these soils may not be plant available as shown by a leaching study (Skousen and Emerson, 2010).”
From Plantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines (2018) · cites this paper as Skousen and Emerson, 2010
The Results and Discussion report higher extractable P in brown sandstone, while the Conclusions report no significant difference between brown and gray sandstone in total nutrient release during leaching. That lends some support to the suggested distinction between P in soil and P released by leaching, but the study did not measure plant uptake or establish whether the P was plant available. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSkousen and Emerson found that P in overburden-derived mine soils is tightly bound to Ca minerals and unavailable to plants.
“Skousen and Emerson [20] found that the P is tightly bound to Ca minerals and unavailable to plants.”
From Switchgrass Biofuel Production on Reclaimed Surface Mines: I. Soil Quality and Dry Matter Yield (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
The Results and Discussion and Conclusions (page not provided) report phosphorus released by extraction from sandstone soil substitutes. They do not say that phosphorus is bound to calcium minerals or unavailable to plants. Searches for calcium–phosphorus binding and plant availability found no passage establishing either point. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
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Emerson, P., Skousen, J., & Ziemkiewicz, P. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0479 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Appalachian Regional Reforestation Initiative
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Rebuilding Soils on Mined Land for Native Forests in Appalachia
Zipper, C. E., Burger, J. A., Barton, C. D., & Skousen, J. G. (2013) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0335 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationSwitchgrass Yield on Reclaimed Surface Mines for Bioenergy Production
Marra, M., Keene, T., Skousen, J., & Griggs, T. (2013) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2012.0453 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSwitchgrass Biofuel Production on Reclaimed Surface Mines: I. Soil Quality and Dry Matter Yield
Brown, C., Griggs, T., Keene, T., Marra, M., & Skousen, J. (2016) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-015-9658-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Tree Growth in Reclaimed Mine Soils in Appalachia USA
Dallaire, K., & Skousen, J. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f10070549 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank past graduate students who monitored and provided some of the data for this study including Paul Emerson, Curtis DeLong, Calene Thomas, and Lindsay Wilson-Kokes.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlantation performance of chestnut hybrids and progenitors on reclaimed Appalachian surface mines
Skousen, J. G., Dallaire, K., Scagline-Mellor, S., Monteleone, A., Wilson-Kokes, L., Joyce, J., Thomas, C., Keene, T., DeLong, C., Cook, T., et al. (2018) · New Forests · doi:10.1007/s11056-018-9643-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“, 2009; Thomas and Skousen, 2011), but this greater P in these soils may not be plant available as shown by a leaching study (Skousen and Emerson, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEvaluation of Reforestation Efforts on Two Reclaimed Surface Mines in West Virginia
DeLong, C. (2010) · doi:10.33915/etd.3055 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Skousen, J., & Emerson, P.
- Affiliations
- West Virginia University (US)
- ORCID
- Skousen, J.
- Venue
- Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation
- Published
- 2010-06-30
- Volume
- 2010
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1135-1143
- ISSN
- 2328-8744 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4254179799
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques
- Social Sciences › Law › Geology and Environmental Impact Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Keywords
- nutrient release, leaching, particle size fractionation, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, extraction method comparison, post-mining land reclamation, overburden, southern West Virginia
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