The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 28 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A Historical Narrative of Ethnic Conflict and Social Anarchy in Shaanxi: The Muslim Uprising 1862-1873
Open accessAbstract
Hui rebellion (1862-1873) is depicted generally as the confrontation of Hui with the Qing state but an exploration of the background of the uprising in the Shaanxi province and a keen look into the oral histories and compilations of local narratives of the devastation reveals that the reality was much more complex. The historical account of these rebellions produced the stereotype that Manchus and Hui had been in conflict throughout whereas this paper contends that the Qing reign can be comfortably divided into two distinct phases with respect to the behavior of Manchus towards the Hui minority. The first phase is marvelously peaceful and prosperous whereas the second is equally drastic and catastrophic. How did this sweeping shift occur? The answer to this logical query involves the third and most decisive component of the whole confrontation i.e. Han gentry and militia. We propose that Han officialdom played a crucial role in creating an ambiance of confrontation of Hui with the Qing state. Were it not the ethnic riots and racial bias by the Han gentry, Hui would have never been forced to stand unanimously for the protection of their identity and rights. On the other hand, although the Qing Empire wanted to discriminate between rebels and innocent people yet its efforts remained futile as with the weakening of the central state, the axis of power shifted to local Han authorities who were adamant to exterminate Hui from the area. Thus an uprising against Han discrimination distended into a rebellion against the state on a large scale.
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TL;DR
This paper argues that the Shaanxi Hui uprising of 1862–1873 was not simply a Hui revolt against the Qing state but was decisively shaped by Han gentry and militia hostility, which created an atmosphere of confrontation. It contends that Qing policy toward Hui can be divided into a peaceful/prosperous phase (1650–1780) and a catastrophic phase (1781–1912).
Key findings
- The paper argues that Han officialdom and local gentry/militia played a crucial role in provoking the conflict; Han leaflets circulated slogans such as “extinguish Hui” and “no Hui in Shaanxi,” remembered by Xi’an Hui as *Xi Hui* (“wash away Hui”).
- Before the rebellion, Shaanxi’s Hui population was estimated at between one-third and three-sevenths of the province’s inhabitants, about 700,000 to one million people; by 1873, after Zuo Zongtang’s “pacification,” it was reduced to a few thousand living in Xi’an. Early twentieth-century official records put Shaanxi’s Hui population at 26,000, with almost 9,500 Muslims in the capital.
- In 1862, almost 700,000 Gedimu Hui stood against Qing in 18 battalions; Hui *tuanlian* besieged Xi’an in June, lasting a year until fall 1863. Zuo Zongtang arrived in 1868 and had “pacified” Shaanxi, Gansu, and Xinjiang by 1873.
- The paper states that Qing policy turned harsh after the Salar revolt in Gansu in 1785, when Muslim pilgrimage to Makkah was forbidden, foreign preachers were banned, and permission to build mosques was withdrawn.
Methods
- Qualitative historical narrative combining historiography and ethnography, based on an extensive literature review of European and local Chinese histories, official archives, and local narrative compilations.
- Sources include oral histories, personal narratives, and local reports such as *Huimin Qiyi*, *Shaanxi Huimin Qiyi Ziliao*, *Huizu Jianshi*, *Shaanxi Wenshi Ziliao*, and *Dao Xian Huanhai Jianwenlu*.
- The author also reports frequent personal discussions with local Hui and Hui scholars and personal observation during three years of field surveys in Xi’an and other Chinese localities.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section. It acknowledges that historians differ on the details of the initial 1862 incident and that historical accounts are inconsistent about whether Hui or Han provoked the first clash.
- It relies heavily on oral histories and local narrative compilations, especially 1950s accounts, which the text itself notes can conflict with written histories and with Xi’an Hui narrators’ memories.
- Evident from the text: the methodology is not systematically described, and the author’s personal discussions and field observations are not presented with sampling or analytic detail; the source base is also uneven, as the paper notes that some Western scholarship was regionally confined or shaped by biased assumptions.
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Claims the paper makes
61 Own interpretation · 25 No basis given · 20 Sources not found · 11 Not checked yet · 8 Own result · 4 Own method · 3 No full text of the sources
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Not only their population was considerably reduced due to extensive massacre, also the provinces of their majority population were devastated, their economy and agriculture all perished.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Hui population of Shaanxi, which had made up between onethird and three-sevenths of the province's inhabitants, about 700,000 to one million people, was reduced to a few thousand living in Xi'an (Shuchou, 1953).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shuchou, 1953
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By the time the imperial general, Zuo Zongtang, finally”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The rebels were in such a great number at that time that many historians of the time anticipated the establishment or emergence of a Muslim state in Northwest China including the province of Shaanxi.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Therefore Chinese historiography, controlled by the state, has tended to undermine the ethnic aspect of the Shaanxi Hui rebellion rendering it to be a rebellion of Hui and Han peasants against the local feudal lords and exploiters.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
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In the paper
“It clearly stated that Hui would not be harmed at all provided that they were loyal to the state”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It was only after Deng's reform policies that researchers got immediate and unmediated access to the local accounts and the oral narratives (Gillin,1964;Gray, 2002).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gillin,1964 source
- Not matchedcites Gray, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an exploration of the background of the uprising in the Shaanxi province and a keen look into the oral histories and compilations of local narratives of the devastation reveals that the reality was much more complex.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We propose that Han officialdom played a crucial role in creating an ambiance of confrontation of Hui with the Qing state.”
- Also stated in: § E. Conclusion · boosted
“In the light of afore-mentioned historical evidence, we can clearly deduce that Han officialdom played a crucial role in creating an ambiance of confrontation of Hui with Qing state.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Abstract
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § E. Conclusion · boosted
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the third and most decisive component of the whole confrontation i.e.Han gentry and militia.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 60
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In the paper
“The brutal fight between Qing, its allied Han militia and the Hui tuanlian put many fighters and civilians to death.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mosques, temples, and whole villages were destroyed.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ancestors of today's Xi'an Hui community were the Arab and Persian Muslim settlers who came as traders and soldiers in Tang and Song dynasties in many currents.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
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In the paper
“This sentiment is still found in the Uighur population of Xinjiang as the recent years have seen a reasonable boost in the number of permanent and floating Han population in the area.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The Hui community in Xi'an is considered to be the oldest one among the Hui communities of China and thus it witnessed all the phases through which today's Hui identity is constructed.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
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In the paper
“They faced all kinds of losses and trauma; their relatives and beloved ones were brutally murdered, they were sexually and emotionally assaulted, and emotionally tortured staying in persistent fear and terror for nearly two decades.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Islam has always been a religion of minority in China.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
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In the paper
“Fields lay fallow.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
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In the paper
“This feeling is reflected in their behavior even today when their elders abhor Han and their customs and insist upon ethnic segregation.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
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In the paper
“In the preceding Ming dynasty, Muslims were subjugated and integrated through assimilating policies and were localized to a greater extent.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
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In the paper
“Although the provincial capital was restored, the fights between Qing army and the Muslims persisted in other parts of the province till 1868 when Zuo Zongtang arrived to subdue the Muslims and restore Shaanxi to the Qing Empire finally (Changshou).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Changshou
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Muslims in China moved from the obligatory seclusion in Tang-Song China to the dispersion in the whole of China as representatives of the Yuan and finally ended up acculturating in the mainstream Chinese society, at least apparently, in Ming-Qing China.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
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In the paper
“The population of Hui in Shaanxi at the beginning of twentieth century was 26000 and in the capital there were almost 9500 Muslims according to the official records (Chu, 1966).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chu, 1966
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Hundreds of mosques were burnt or demolished during this calamity and Xi'an Hui were fortunate enough to save seven ancient mosques A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY ..... only.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Not only their population was considerably reduced due to extensive massacre, also the provinces of their majority population were devastated, their economy and agriculture all perished.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1862, almost 700,000 Gedimu Hui stood against Qing in 18 battalions and finally in June, the Hui tuanlian besieged Xi'an which lasted for a year till the fall of 1863.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hui rebellion (1862-1873) is depicted generally as the confrontation of Hui with the Qing state”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Abstract
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In the paper
“Muslims' aid of Mongols in usurpation of China and dominance over Han majority as Semuren germinated a sense of deprivation and hatred among Han towards the Muslims.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
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In the paper
“Grievances of ethnic minorities in multiethnic societies tend to produce riots and conflicts in the society”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
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In the paper
“Consequently, Han, when empowered in Ming, operated to suppress Muslim identity enforcing acculturation and integration”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
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In the paper
“This resulted into social, political, economic and cultural discrimination against Hui Muslims by local Han authorities which led to aggravation of Hui to the extent that they rose up against the authorities in various parts of China.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When alien Manchus turned over Ming to establish a minority rule, it regenerated the sense of humiliation and suppression in the Han majority”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
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In the paper
“this paper contends that the Qing reign can be comfortably divided into two distinct phases with respect to the behavior of Manchus towards the Hui minority.The first phase is marvelously peaceful and prosperous whereas the second is equally drastic and catastrophic.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Abstract
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major breakthrough in the trends of Chinese historiography was the publication of local Shaanxi records by Mark Selden in 1970's.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CCP historians have been interpreting all the rebellions not only in Qing but throughout Chinese history as an outcome of class struggle owing to their essential Marxist approach.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This and other similar inscriptions from different Qing emperors show that in their age, China was a multiethnic empire and the minorities were granted liberty to practice their own religion.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Broomhall, 1910
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The historical fact is that the Hui increased in number and their population reached 'approximately one million and seven hundred thousand by the reign of [Qing Emperor] Xianfeng with thousands of mosques erected.' (Jianbiao, 2011)”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jianbiao, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“it is stated that three out of every ten people in Shaanxi were Muslim (Jianbiao, 2011).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jianbiao, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 1731 A.D emperor Yongzheng issued an edict which mentioned that the emperor had been constantly receiving biased statements against Hui from Han bureaucracy but he declared that all of these complaints were based on discrimination and were baseless (Broomhall, 1910).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Broomhall, 1910
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that these grievances played a significant but paradoxical role in the sprout of Hui rebellion in Qing”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > A. Introduction
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Sufi orders and their adherents had an organized network all over the region and thus could connect to each other through the chain of Sufi sheikhs whenever needed.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On July 30 th , again a similar threat was in the air by another local Han militia leader adding to the fury of Hui in the Muslim area.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is unnecessary to falsify either of the events because there is a reasonable possibility that both of the events had occurred within a short period of time and infuriated the people of different countries simultaneously.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 3. A local brawl turns into a decade of warfare
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The situation got worse enough to push Shaanxi Muslims to fierce battles in 1860's, due to both internal turmoil andexternal stimulating intrusions.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A high-ranking Qing official who had worked in Beijing was the son of a Han woman who lived in that village.He returned home to visit her and found his mother evicted from her home.This infuriated him a great deal and he decided to take revenge on Hui.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“And upon his call, the armed Han gathered on the Southern side of the bell tower causing Hui to fear for their lives.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The life in Xi'an Huimin jie was still; what to say of any business activity or communal prayers all the residents hid in their houses keeping the doors and windows tightly closed.Some even took refuge in the mosques to save their lives considering mosques to be secure places.The women slept with their feet bound and clothes on to keep themselves safe from any sexual assault.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So it was an act of self-defense rather than any planned rebellion or revolt against the Qing Empire initially.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some opined to besiege the provincial headquarter Xi'an until the Qing Empire agreed to reconcile and take away the charge of rebellion against Hui”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some report it as a brawl over the sale of bamboo and others narrate a story of Muslim young men's participation in a non-Muslims' festival t0 which they refused to contribute.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 3. A local brawl turns into a decade of warfare
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Muslim population of Shaanxi was assured that they will not be harmed as a consequence of the Salar revolt in Gansu, although they practice the same religion yet the state distinguishes between loyal and disloyal subjects.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Leaving the village, the official spread the conflict to the neighboring ten counties, stirring the Han to fight the Hui.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“He ordered the Han tuanlian to leave him unguarded so that he may negotiate with the Muslim troops with no bias but unfortunately he was killed by the Hui and thus Qing emperor declared Hui to be the rebels against the state (Guangqi, 1993;Shuchou, 1953).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Guangqi, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Shuchou, 1953
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At that time there were whole villages comprised only of Hui people and villages in which Hui people were eighty-five percent of the population, but in the end, the Han won and either killed the Hui or chased them out of the country (Ma, 1983).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ma, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the riots were at the level of local counties initially, both Han and Hui had their own armed bands and they confronted each other occasionally but all these fights were completely local and not governed by any Hui leadership of the city or provincial level.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sensing the alliance of local officials and gentry with non-Muslim population, some Muslims sought their protection by establishing connections with the invaders who might be their military allies in case of an attack.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The emperor responded to the governor saying that no religious distinction must be made between his subjects and that all of them should be dealt with justice.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“He invalidated the link between Islam and the rebellious or defiant attitude of some Muslims and declared that Islamic knowledge was not responsible to produce such mutinous notions and movements (Yizhi, 1983).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yizhi, 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Huizu Jianshi(1978) narrates that in 1781, Bi Yuan the governor of Shaanxi wrote a memorial to Qianlong emperor stating that Hui population of his province is denser than other provinces.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huizu Jianshi(1978)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Qing army was confronted with multifold tasks and multifaceted dangers comprising of Taiping and Nian armies and now the inner Hui rebellion.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the 1950s informants share the statement that Hui had been passing through the city gates carrying pork so that they could be identified as Han.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Oral histories and local narratives collected in the 1950s accurately report the historical events they describe.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He mentioned that the provincial capital Xi'an has at least several thousand Hui with seven mosques erected in the city.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The initial cause of 1862-73 violence was a local communal conflict in Southern Shaanxi although historians differ on the details of the incident.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 3. A local brawl turns into a decade of warfare
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there were no such orders from the central government, they were only overzealous and prejudiced local officials who were aided by the local militia, supported Han in the local conflicts and dealt unjustly with Hui, thus resulting in disastrous rebellions later.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There were no orders from the central Qing government to exterminate the Hui.
- Rests on an assumption: The local gentry backed the Han Chinese in local riots.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the continuation of the historical events, we find it more probable that Han would have exaggerated the event as they were shouldered by the local militia and gentry, unlike Hui who had no such support at all.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > So although we find inconsistency in historical accounts
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So if they will keep peace and maintain order, they would not be harmed at all.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“From Sichuan and Henan, Shi Dakai and Chen Decai led Taiping armies to the North, and from the East, the province was exposed to the danger of Western Nian so Shaanxi was in a very critical state (Pletcher, 2010).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pletcher, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The social activities ceased in the Hui area altogether.There were no calls for prayers rather watchman's rattlers were used to intimate about the timings of prayer.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The official incompetence, military corruption, and increasing economic burdens because of both heavy taxation and insufficient economic resources all gathered to infuse the negative sentiments and fury in both Hui and Han inhabitants of Shaanxi.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a saying viral among the people that Hui killings would not be investigated by the authorities.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Empire decided to distinguish between good Hui and the rebels, as had been the state policy since the emergence of Sufi orders.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Liu Rong, the governor of Shaanxi, is particularly known for his anti-Hui policies as he declared Islam to be a religion lacking civilization and thus thought to civilize the Hui barbarians by forcing them to follow Han culture (Jiqing, 1981).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jiqing, 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This internal conflict even caused some killings and suicides within the Hui community.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At that time the province of Shaanxi had a good number of Muslims and Xi'an had from four to five thousand Muslim families with seven mosques; most of them traced back to the Tang dynasty.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike Sufi orders, Shaanxi Hui population was Gedimu predominantly so their counties had no established connections except the broader relationship of Muslim brotherhood and shared identity.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is an oral narrative from the 1950s and a written account dating from 1938 which record that the provincial Manchu governor Yingqi Ban was frightened by the extraordinarily intense thunderstorm with severe lightning.He took it as a divine slogan in the favor of Xi'an Hui and made strict arrangements to guard Xi'an Hui by sending troops to guard the Muslim district and erecting fences around”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Oral histories and local narratives collected in the 1950s accurately report the historical events they describe.
In the paper
“During the Qing dynasty, Han were trained from childhood to be cruel to Hui.Han were taught that Hui were useless.They were taught to look down upon the Hui (1025).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gillette (2008) source
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This statement is verified by the accounts of local histories and narratives which say that Hui raised arms when they had no other option realizing the fact that they had nobody to complain to”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Qina
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this critical state of affairs, the Hui commanders also had an internal dispute regarding how to respond to the threat of attack by Qing army and Han tuanlian.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“But the local Han did not agree to the suggestion and demanded total extermination of Hui population from Shaanxi.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the first half of the 19th century, a number of natural disasters hit Northwest China leaving a multitude of people in misery and starvation and they had to join the Taiping and other rebel groups for the sake of their survival.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The city officials shut all the gates but the Han people waited outside so that they could kill the Hui who might be departing the city or they could creep in by any means to slaughter the Hui living in the city.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These demands were heard as public slogans and widespread news in the area.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On May 21st of a year during the Mei Jintang, a leader of local Han tuanlian threatened to exterminate all Hui of Xi'an.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Written sources agree with this statement that the gates to the city were indeed shut and heavily guarded when Hui troops besieged the city wall.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The rebellion did not occur out of blue for some new reasons and motifs rather it was an outcome of different social and political pressures upon Hui as well as a natural reaction to the persistent suppression and hateful attitude of local administration and Han against Hui (Jiqing, 1981).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jiqing, 1981
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, some others refused this option and insisted on adopting tactful negotiations with the authorities.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The deceased Hui were not taken to the graveyard but rather buried within the Muslim area, the brides were sent to their husbands' homes at night (Qina).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Qina
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But definitely all the historians unanimously share the observation that once the conflict ensued and things grew intense, both Hui and Han committed enormous violence and destruction.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > So although we find inconsistency in historical accounts
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When this warfare was prevalent in the whole of Shaanxi, the Hui in Xi'an remained aloof and did not rise up whereas large groups of Han surrounded the city.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their aggression sprouted out in the form of local riots, market brawls, and sometimes intervillage conflicts on trivial issues.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > Recently, Chinese historiography is being revised by taking
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the battle was fierce in the countryside of Shaanxi and the governor did not have enough resources to protect all the Hui of Shaanxi, he strictly ordered Xi'an Hui to remain inside the guarded city walls to stay protected and announced death penalty for those who A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY ..... violated.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research relied upon an extensive literature review both from European and local Chinese histories (official archives and local narrative compilations) along with frequent personal discussions on the issues with local Hui as well as Hui scholars from other parts of China.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muslims were given a status higher to Han during Yuan and this transition in the status and context of Muslims played a paradoxical role i.e. it helped dissemination of Muslims in China but simultaneously generated sentiments of detestation for them among the Chinese people.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seeds of ethnic conflicts between Hui and Han were sowed in the Yuan age when Muslims were given a status higher than the local Chinese by the Mongol emperors; it ignited the flame of hatred in the hearts of Han population towards Muslims.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The guards used to ask the entering children what are they wearing on their feet.If they responded in standard Mandarin i.e. xie they were let enter and if they said the Hui slang for the shoes i.e. hai they were killed so it was a trick to identify (Gillette 2008).”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gillette 2008 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, we see that although the Qing Empire wanted to discriminate between rebels and innocent people yet its efforts remained futile as local Han authorities were adamant to exterminate Hui from the area.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Qing Empire genuinely wanted to discriminate between rebels and innocent people.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these calamities pushed Xi'an Hui back physically and emotionally making them feel homeless and unprotected in a land that they inhabited for more than a millennium.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unrest and rebellion in Xinjiang in 1995 were basically owing to the overemphatic integrationist policies of CCP state and excessive immigration of Han to Xinjiang.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But their disunity and lack of a common leadership weakened them to the extent that they could not win over Qing despite the weakness of its armies.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The years of captivity during the Rebellion altered the lives of Xi'an Hui considerably and fended them off to backwardness and economic collapse.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 5. Confrontation of Hui with Qing armies and its disastrous consequences
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of these Huimin Qiyi is the most renowned insider historical source of Hui rebellions as its compiler was a communist Hui known as Bai Shouyi.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have consulted oral histories, personal narratives and local reports published by Hui publishing houses or journals such as Huimin Qiyi, Shaanxi Huimin Qiyi Ziliao, Huizu Jianshi, Shaanxi Wenshi Ziliao, and Dao Xian Huanhai Jianwenlu.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the situation worsened and the Hui finding no rescue from the Qing Empire assumed it to be their enemy and launched an uprising against the state as well.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to understand the historical facets of religion and ethnic relations in today's China and analyze them in proper context particularly when China is exercising the same policies of enforced assimilation of ethnic Muslim minorities by settling Han in Uighur areas and causing unrest among North Western Muslims thus giving way to hatred and racial revulsions.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those who were identified in this disguise were put to death by the city guards as an old lady narrated that her elder brother was hanged on the city wall when he was trying to leave the city to meet his relatives living in a nearby county during the rebellion.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hui Muslims had a millennium-long history of peaceful and harmonious coexistence with Han people in the region so neither their religion nor their nature provoked them to revolt against non-believers.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Personal observation of the nature of Hui-Han relations in Xi'an and other Chinese localities during three years of extensive field surveys helped put the archival data in proper context.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whole villages of Hui were completely wiped out.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > 4. Hui rise against Han oppression or Manchus?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circumstances would have normalized with no ethnic riots ever raised again but unfortunately another alien rule i.e.Manchus intervened.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The occupation of China by Qing again led to the provocation of negative sentiments towards minorities among the Han majority.”
§ A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AND SOCIAL ANARCHY IN SHAANXI: THE MUSLIM UPRISING 1862-1873 > E. Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
There were no orders from the central Qing government to exterminate the Hui.
“Although there were no such orders from the central government”
The paper relies on this without support.
Oral histories and local narratives collected in the 1950s accurately report the historical events they describe.
“And this hypothesis is supported by the Chinese historians who compiled the oral histories of the rebellion in the 1950s.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The central Qing army was not sufficient to combat the widespread rebellious troops.
“Because the central Qing army was not sufficient enough to combat the widespread rebellious troops”
The paper relies on this without support.
The local gentry backed the Han Chinese in local riots.
“The most disgusting fact was that the local gentry shouldered and backed the Han Chinese in local riots”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Qing Empire genuinely wanted to discriminate between rebels and innocent people.
“although the Qing Empire wanted to discriminate between rebels and innocent people”
The paper relies on this without support.
The historical sources consulted (oral histories, personal narratives, local reports) accurately represent the events of the Hui uprising.
“We have consulted oral histories, personal narratives and local reports published by Hui publishing houses or journals such as Huimin Qiyi, Shaanxi Huimin Qiyi Ziliao, Huizu Jianshi, Shaanxi Wenshi Ziliao, and Dao Xian Huanhai Jianwenlu.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Asian Barometer Survey conducted in 2007 and 2008 is a valid and reliable source for the claim that ethnic minorities in China have grievances.
“The results of the Asian Barometer Survey of the social behavior of Chinese citizens, conducted in 2007 and 2008 show that ethnic minorities in today's China do have grievances and feel disadvantaged and less privileged than their Han co-nationals.”
Citations
Cites
Zhang, L. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 692
Representing Nationality in China: Refiguring Majority/Minority Identities
Gladney, D. C. (1994) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.2307/2059528 · Cited by 523 · cited 1×
“The works of Gladney (1994; 2003) make a significant contribution to understanding the Han-Hui relationship as well as the ethno-political landscape of China but contemporarily and not historically.”
BackgroundEurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3349 · Cited by 435
Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-5643 · Cited by 176
China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects
Dillon, M. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 134
Communist Multiculturalism: Ethnic Revival in Southwest China
Dimmery, K. (2010) · Journal of Folklore Research Reviews · Cited by 126
Islam in China: Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, and Politics
Israéli, R. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 117
Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?
Gladney, D. C. (2003) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0009443903000275 · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“It was only after Deng’s reform policies that researchers got immediate and unmediated access to the local accounts and the oral narratives (Gillin,1964; Gray, 2002).”
BackgroundRebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000
Gray, J. (1990) · Cited by 72
Clarke, M. (2007) · Asian Studies Review · doi:10.1080/10357820701621350 · Cited by 72 · cited 1×
“…have argued that the stratification among Han and minorities and the sense of deprivation among ethnic minorities is the major cause of conflicts in Tibet of today’s China as well (Clarke, 2007; Odgaard and Nielsen, 2014; Ryono and Galway, 2014; Veeck, Pannell, Smith, and Huang 2011; Zhang 2001).”
BackgroundChina's geography: globalization and the dynamics of political, economic, and social change
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4012 · Cited by 60
“Peasant Nationalism” in the History of Chinese Communism
Gillin, D. G. (1964) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.2307/2050137 · Cited by 37
The Moslem Rebellion in Northwest China, 1862-1878: A Study of Government Minority Policy
Liu, K.-C., & Chu, W.-D. (1967) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1866317 · Cited by 37
The Failures of Contemporary Chinese Intellectual History
Elman, B. A. (2010) · Eighteenth-Century Studies · doi:10.1353/ecs.0.0191 · Cited by 34
China's Counterinsurgency Strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang
Odgaard, L., & Nielsen, T. G. (2014) · Journal of Contemporary China · doi:10.1080/10670564.2013.843934 · Cited by 27
Violence, the State, and a Chinese Muslim Ritual Remembrance
Gillette, M. (2008) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s002191180800123x · Cited by 13 · cited 6×
“Among the Western scholarship who worked on the Hui people of Northwest China, we find the names of Broomhall, Lipman, Israeli, Gladney, Dillon, and Maris Gillette.”
BackgroundInfluentialXinjiang under China: reflections on the multiple dimensions of the 2009 Urumqi uprising
Ryono, A., & Galway, M. (2014) · Asian Ethnicity · doi:10.1080/14631369.2014.906062 · Cited by 11
Ching, C. (2011) · Illumine Journal of the Centre for Studies in Religion and Society of Graduate Students Association · doi:10.18357/illumine9120107779 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“…conflicts as major cause of Hui uprising in Qing; for instance, Gansu uprising of Hui associated with Jahriyya has been interpreted in these terms recently (Ching, 2011; Lipman, 1990) and similarly Atwill (2003) described Hui rebellions in Southwest China in the construal of ethnic conflicts.”
BackgroundChinese Anthropology and New China's Policy towards her Minorities
Gjessing, G. (1957) · Acta Sociologica · doi:10.1177/000169935700200103 · Cited by 5
The Muslims under the Manchu Reign in China
Israeli, R. (1979) · Studia Islamica · doi:10.2307/1595321 · Cited by 2 · cited 3×
“Israeli (1979) emphasizes the economic stability and administrative control of these hundred years which resulted into a flourishing society in general.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe development of Chinese Islam : during the T'ang and Song dynasties (618-1276 A.D.)
Chang, Y.-H. (1999) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada) · doi:10.82308/19758 · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Guangqi, Ma. (1993). Shaanxi Huijiao Gaikuang [General Situation of Islam in Shaanxi]. in Tongzhinianjian Shaanxi Huimin Qiyi Lishi Diaocha Jilu [Records of Investigation on the History of Hui Uprising in Shaanxi during the Reign of Emperor Tongzhi], edited by M. Changshou. Xi'an: Shaanxi Political Consultative Conference's Committee on Literary and Historical Data, Shaanxi Wenshi Ziliao [Shaanxi's Literary and Historical Data].
- Jianbiao., Li. (2011). Changes in Islam's Status in Modern Shaanxi Province. in MUSLIMS AND A HARMONIOUS SOCIETY Selected Papers from a Three-Conference Series on Muslim Minorities in Northwest China
- Yizhou, et. al. (1953). Pingding Guan Long Jilue [Brief Records on the Suppression of Shaanxi and Gansu]. in Huimin Qiyi [Uprising of the Hui ethnic group], vol. vol.1. Shanghai Shenzhou Guoguang Chubanshe.
- Tse-Tung, Mao. (1959). The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party: Foreign Langusage Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fadhilah, I., Kholiludin, T., Hakim, M. L., et al. (2024) · IJTIHAD Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan · doi:10.18326/ijtihad.v23i2.281-304 · Cited by 15
“…in Law number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, which designates the prospective bridegroom and bride as parties to the marriage contract, the Samin teachings prescribe the parents of the prospective couple as the contracting parties, with specific roles designated for the mother and father (Ain, 2022).”
BackgroundSagir, A., Monady, H., Hasan, M., et al. (2024) · Syariah Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran · doi:10.18592/sjhp.v23i2.12409 · Cited by 4
Long (Corresponding Author), A. S., & Mat Zain, F. (2025) · Journal of Al-Tamaddun · doi:10.22452/jat.vol20no2.18
Metadata
- Authors
- Qurrat ul Ain, A.
- Venue
- QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies)
- Publisher
- Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kudus
- Published
- 2022-08-19
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109
- ISSN
- 2355-1895 (ISSN-L)
- 2476-9304
- OpenAlex
- W4312923395
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › China's Ethnic Minorities and Relations
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Central European national history
- Keywords
- Shaanxi, Qing dynasty, ethnic conflict, local militias, ethnic riots, oral history, local narratives
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-16, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-16 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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