Cited by 368Physical Education and PedagogyPhysical Activity and HealthSchool Health and Nursing Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Physical Education and Academic Achievement in Elementary School: Data From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study

Open access

Carlson, Susan A., Fulton, Janet E., Lee, Sarah M., Maynard, L. Michele, Brown, David R., Kohl, Harold W., Dietz, William H.·2008·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2007.117176PMC PMC2377002

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives. We examined the association between time spent in physical education and academic achievement in a longitudinal study of students in kindergarten through fifth grade. Methods. We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998 to 1999, which employed a multistage probability design to select a nationally representative sample of students in kindergarten (analytic sample = 5316). Time spent in physical education (minutes per week) was collected from classroom teachers, and academic achievement (mathematics and reading) was scored on an item response theory scale. Results. A small but significant benefit for academic achievement in mathematics and reading was observed for girls enrolled in higher amounts (70–300 minutes per week) of physical education (referent: 0–35 minutes per week). Higher amounts of physical education were not positively or negatively associated with academic achievement among boys. Conclusions. Among girls, higher amounts of physical education may be associated with an academic benefit. Physical education did not appear to negatively affect academic achievement in elementary school students. Concerns about adverse effects on achievement may not be legitimate reasons to limit physical education programs.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2105/ajph.2007.117176

Cites

38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Models for Longitudinal Data: A Generalized Estimating Equation Approach
Zeger, S. L., Liang, K., & Albert, P. S. (1988) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531734 · Cited by 4,505
Evidence Based Physical Activity for School-age Youth
Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J. R., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., Hergenroeder, A. C., Must, A., Nixon, P. A., Pivarnik, J. M., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.055 · Cited by 4,222
The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activityA systematic review1 and 2
KAHN, E., RAMSEY, L., BROWNSON, R., HEATH, G., HOWZE, E., POWELL, K., STONE, E., RAJAB, M., & CORSO, P. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00434-8 · Cited by 2,022
Physical Education and Sport in Schools: A Review of Benefits and Outcomes
Bailey, R. (2006) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x · Cited by 1,080
The effects of a 2-year physical education program (SPARK) on physical activity and fitness in elementary school students. Sports, play and active recreation for kids
Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Alcaraz, J. E., Kolody, B., Faucette, N., & Hovell, M. F. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.8.1328 · Cited by 914
Tracking of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness across the Lifespan
Malina, R. M. (1996) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1996.10608853 · Cited by 736
Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior
MAHAR, M. T., MURPHY, S. K., ROWE, D. A., GOLDEN, J., SHIELDS, A. T., & RAEDEKE, T. D. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000235359.16685.a3 · Cited by 674
Effect of physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in children
COE, D. P., PIVARNIK, J. M., WOMACK, C. J., REEVES, M. J., & MALINA, R. M. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000227537.13175.1b · Cited by 611
Effects of Health-Related Physical Education on Academic Achievement: Project SPARK
Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Kolody, B., Lewis, M., Marshall, S., & Rosengard, P. (1999) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1999.10608030 · Cited by 499
Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance: Executive summary
Koplan, J. P., Liverman, C. T., & Kraak, V. I. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.023 · Cited by 486

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 38 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Shephard RJ, Lavallee H, Volle M, LaBarre R, Beaucage C. Academic skills and required physical education: the Trois Rivieres experience. CAPHER J Res Suppl. 1994;1:1–12.
10.2307/2685737 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 367

Recommendations for Teaching Physical Education to students with EBDs
Young, S. (2012) · Strategies · doi:10.1080/08924562.2012.10590965 · Cited by 5
Mapping the intellectual and conceptual structure of physical education research: Direct citation analysis
Lis, A., & Tomanek, M. (2021) · Physical Education of Students · doi:10.15561/20755279.2021.0201 · Cited by 5
Gender differences in weight status and early school leaving in Italy
Barone, A., & Barra, C. (2021) · Regional Science Policy & Practice · doi:10.1111/rsp3.12491 · Cited by 5
Multidimensional Analysis of Physical Education Teaching Based on Big Data Action Scenarios
Liu, F., & Lv, J. (2022) · Journal of Sensors · doi:10.1155/2022/4595969 · Cited by 5
Ergonomics of Learning Environments – Designs with Strong, Equivocal or Poor Returns on Educational Investment
Smith, T. J. (2011) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181311551114 · Cited by 5
Empleo materno y exceso de peso en escolares mexicanos en 2012: la importancia de las características del hogar
Martínez-Espinosa, A. (2018) · Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México · doi:10.24875/bmhim.m18000015 · Cited by 5
Physical Activity, Aerobic Fitness and Academic Achievement
Marques, A., Hillman, C. H., & Sardinha, L. B. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.71284 · Cited by 6
“[48] observed that girls with the highest exposure to PE (70–300 min/week), compared to those with the lowest exposure (0–35 min/ week), showed benefits in AA.”
Background
Predominantly Black Institutions and Public Montessori Schools: Reclaiming the “Genius” in African American Children
Jor’dan, J. R. (2018) · Multicultural Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1515/mlt-2017-0007 · Cited by 5
“Studies of school-aged children further support the association between movement and academic performance (Carlson et al., 2008; Chomitz et al., 2009; Gallotta et al., 2012).”
Background
Canada’s 150-minute ‘standard’ in physical education: a consideration of research evidence related to physical education instructional time
Robinson, D. B., Randall, L. M., Gleddie, D., Barrett, J., & Berg, S. (2019) · Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education · doi:10.1080/25742981.2019.1642116 · Cited by 5
“…the scarcity of evidence pertaining to Canadian instructional time in physical education, others have reported concerning findings where, for example, as little as 4% of students receive the allotted number of instructional minutes (Carlson et al., 2008; Lee, Burgeson, Fulton, & Spain, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Analysis of the Educational Process in Teaching Physical and Sports Activities Collectives for Secondary Education Under the Competency Approach
Djamel, B. (2020) · Fizicko vaspitanje i sport kroz vekove · doi:10.2478/spes-2020-0015 · Cited by 3
A restrospective study of the nutritional status of primary school children in Harare
Mushonga, N., Kujinga, P., Chagwena, D. T., & Nyabanga, G. (2014) · African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development · doi:10.18697/ajfand.63.13360 · Cited by 5
Do You Want Your Students to Pay More Attention in Class? Try Dynamic Seating!
Rollo, S., Smith, S. T., & Harry Prapavessis, A. (2017) · Journal of Ergonomics · doi:10.4172/2165-7556.1000217 · Cited by 5
“A growing body of research has indicated that PA is positively associated with academic performance outcomes in children, including classroom behaviour, cognitive skills and attitudes, and academic achievement [4-6].”
Background
Disparities in Motor Competence between Roma and Non-Roma Children in Croatia and Relations of Motor Competence, School Success and Social Economic Status
Šerbetar, I., Loftesnes, J. M., & Prprovic, I. (2019) · International journal of human movement and sports sciences · doi:10.13189/saj.2019.070201 · Cited by 7
“There is also evidence that movement and physical activity may promote social success of the child and enhance academic achievement [2-4].”
Background
Educational worth of physical education and sport participation: a review.
Deventer, K. J. V. (2014) · South African Journal for Research in Sport Physical Education and Recreation · Cited by 5
Scheduling Recess before Lunch: Exploring the Benefits and Challenges in Montana Schools.
Bark, K., Stenberg, M., Sutherland, S., & Hayes, D. (2010) · The Journal of Child Nutrition & Management · Cited by 5
Estudio comparativo del rendimiento académico y la actividad física en dos institutos de enseñanza secundaria de Andalucía (España)
Villena-Serrano, M., López, R. C., Pulido, R., & Zagalaz, J. C. (2015) · SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte · doi:10.6018/242891 · Cited by 6
Coordinación motriz y rendimiento académico en adolescentes (Motor Co-ordination and academic achievement in adolescents)
Pérez, L. M. R., Navia, J. A., Amengual, A. R., Otero, I. R., & Nieto, M. P. (2016) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v0i29.38769 · Cited by 12
Physical exercise and children’s self-concept of emotional and behavioural well-being: A randomised controlled trial
Lamb, D., & Gulliford, A. (2011) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2011.28.4.66 · Cited by 5
Classroom Exercise Breaks and Educational Outcomes in Elementary School Students
Howie, E. K. (2013) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) · Cited by 4
Exploring Student Perceptions to Explain the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Academic Achievement in Adolescents: A Mixed Methods Study
Hylok, M. J. (2011) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 4
Adolescents' screen media entertainment: a quantitative, cross-sectional study
Sebsbie, S., & Tsegaye, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1549080 · Cited by 5
The Relationship Between Physical Fitness and School Performance
Donnelly, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Social Behavioral and Health Sciences · doi:10.5590/jsbhs.2017.11.1.16 · Cited by 4
“The findings of this study confirmed the results of several previously conducted studies (Carlson et al., 2008; Chomitz et al., 2009; Edwards et al., 2011; Hollar et al., 2010; Van Dusen et al., 2011), which examined the relationship between physical fitness and standardized test scores.”
Result
The Role of Technical Assistance in School Wellness Policy Enhancement
Hoke, A. M., Pattison, K. L., Hivner, E. A., Lehman, E. B., & Kraschnewski, J. L. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13136 · Cited by 3
Against sedentary school environment: Rethinking the aims of education through physical education
Leiss, J., & Kim, J. (2022) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2022.2064801 · Cited by 3
“…that eliminating physical education does not improve academic performance, but conversely, increasing instructional time for physical education can increase academic achievement (Carlson et al., 2008; Chomitz et al., 2009; Dudley & Burden, 2020; Shephard, 1996; Tremarche et al., 2007).”
Background
INFLUÊNCIA DA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO PSICOMOTOR DE CRIANÇAS COM CINCO ANOS DE IDADE
Costa, H. J. T., Gonçalves, J. F. S., Pimenta, P. S., & Arufe-Giráldez, V. (2017) · Nuances estudos sobre Educação · doi:10.14572/nuances.v27i3.4630 · Cited by 3
The Competence of Professors of Physical and Sports Education in the Use of Modern Teaching Strategies for Middle School Under the Second Generation Curriculum
Bengueneb, A., Ahmed, A., & Bendehiba, D. (2021) · Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae · doi:10.2478/afepuc-2021-0005 · Cited by 3
The effects of physical activity on academic achievement in kindergarten aged children
Shannonhouse, A. K. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 3
The Mandate for Movement: Schools as Agents of Change
Ratey, J. J., & Sattelmair, J. R. (2012) · Issues in children's and families' lives · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3606-5_12 · Cited by 3
The effect of a short time training program on physical fitness in female students
Moazzami, M., & Yazdi, N. K. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.159 · Cited by 3
The use of cross-curricular activity on interactive playgrounds to supplement school-based physical activity: an exploratory study
Greene, A., & Dotterweich, A. R. (2013) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2012.674635 · Cited by 2
“Email: greenea@etsu.edu Educational Studies, 2013 Vol. 39, No. 1, 96–103, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2012.674635 2013 Taylor & Francis 1993; Sallis et al. 1999), academic achievement over time (Carlson et al. 2008) and academic ability (Dexter 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Effect of Physical Activity on Youths’ Cognitive, Academic, and Behavioral Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Single Case Design Studies
Stone, B. A. (2016) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 3
Academic Performance of Texas Public Schools and Its Relationship with Students' Physical Fitness and Socioeconomic Status
Jin, H., & Lu, Y. (2017) · International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research · doi:10.4018/ijagr.2017070103 · Cited by 3
Fitting Physical Activity into the Elementary School Day
Kahan, D. (2008) · Cited by 3
Physical Activity Practice, Sleeping Habits and Academic Achievement
Pérez, L. M. R., Gómez, M., & Navia, J. A. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.71282 · Cited by 4
“The scientific research has provided consistent evidence that time away from the sedentary study in favor of physical activities does not decrease the academic achievement [33, 34].”
Background
Impact of Physical Education Curriculum on Academic Achievement of Higher Secondary School Students in India
Bhowmick, S., Ghosh, S. S., & Biswas, B. (2023) · International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports · doi:10.34256/ijpefs2311 · Cited by 5
RELACION ENTRE ACTITUDES HACIA LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y EL DEPORTE Y RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO DE LOS ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS ESPAÑOLES Y PORTUGUESES
López‐Bonilla, J. M., López‐Bonilla, L. M., Serra, F. F., & Ribeiro, C. (2015) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 3
Implementation of the National Curriculum for physical development in the reception year
Perry, H. M. (2011) · Cited by 3
Comparative Studies on the Administrative Convergence Revealed by National Strategies of Administrative Reform in Some South-Eastern European StatesPreprint
Matei, L., Matei, A. I., Zanoschi, D., & Stoian, O. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1707711 · Cited by 3
Kindergarten Readiness
Boyd, L. W., & Sobieraj, S. (2013) · doi:10.33015/dominican.edu/2013.ot.05 · Cited by 3
“Play occupations involving gross motor skills activate children’s vestibulo-proprioceptive systems, which can facilitate their engagement in academic tasks (Carlson et al., 2008).”
Background
The Link Between Exercise and Mediation of Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Brown, B. M., & Shah, T. M. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119356752.ch13 · Cited by 3
Effect of Kindergarten Environment Creation Quality on Children Health, Language, Social, Science and Art
Mei, S. D., & Luen, L. C. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development · doi:10.6007/ijarped/v12-i2/16714 · Cited by 2
“Participation in physical activity is the most direct way to promote physical development in young children, which not only helps to keep them away from health problems, but also promotes their psychological (Backmand, 2006) and cognitive development (Carlson, 2008).”
Background
Physical Education Classes and Health Outcomes among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Coledam, D. H. C., de Arruda, G. A., dos Santos, G., & Ré, A. H. N. (2025) · International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports · doi:10.54392/ijpefs2521 · Cited by 3
“%) presented a positive or partially positive effect of PE (Knaus et al., 2020; Shen, 2017; Kim & So, 2012; Carlson et al., 2008), while three indicated no effect of PE on academic achievement (Dills et al., 2011; Esteban-Cornejo et al., 2017; Bednar & Rouse, 2020).”
Physical Activity & The Sustainable Development Goals
Otterbein, M. (2022) · Journal of Emerging Sport Studies · doi:10.26522/jess.v3i.3711 · Cited by 8
Anticancer and Genotoxic Activities of Hippeastrum hybridum L.–Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles
Ahmed, M., Sher, N., & Mushtaq, N. (2025) · Applied Organometallic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/aoc.70170 · Cited by 2
The Impact Of Physical Exercise On Junior Secondary School Students’ Performance In Mathematics: Implication For Scientific And Technological Advancement In Nigeria
Abubakar, H., Rabiu, A., Usman, H., & Yahaya, M. (2015) · International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research · Cited by 2
The Effects of a School-Based Physical Education Course on Seventh Grade Academic Achievement
Beasley, G. A. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 2
THE INTERSECTION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SELF-REGULATION AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL SUCCESS
Nokali, N. E. E. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2
Running the Numbers
Erausquin, J. T., Essick, E. C., & Hildebrand, P. H. (2013) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/ncm.74.1.72 · Cited by 2
Integrating Physical Activity, Coach Collaboration, and Life Skill Development in Youth: School Counselors' Perceptions.
Hayden, L. A., Cook, A. L., Scherer, L., Greenspan, S. B., Silva, M. R., Cadet, M., & Maki, E. D. (2014) · Journal of school counseling · Cited by 2
La actividad física como juego en la educación inicial de los niños preescolares
Roncancio, C. P., & Sichacá, E. G. (2009) · Cited by 2
The Impact of Acute Bouts of Two Types of Physical Activity on Cognition in Elementary School-Aged Children
Halvorson, A. C. (2014) · Cited by 2
The relationship between body mass index, fitness, self-efficacy and their prediction on criterion referenced competency test scores for eighth grade students
Hale, J. (2014) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 2
Holding the Child (and Practitioner) in Mind? Youth Justice Practitioners’ Experiences Supervising Young People Displaying Sexually Harmful Behavior
Myles-Wright, A., & Nee, C. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517701449 · Cited by 2
“A contradiction with the available research base is therefore identified, as disengagement or detachment from education provision is an established protective factor for health (Carlson et al., 2008), mental health (Doll & Lyon, 1998), and against offending behavior (Yoshikawa, 1994).”
Background
Impacto de un Programa de Actividad Física Basado en Exergames, en la Memoria de Escolares Entre 13 y 16 Años en Bogotá.
Agudelo, M. D. P. R. (2017) · Universidad Santo Tomás eBooks · doi:10.15332/tg.mae.2017.00368 · Cited by 2
Associations of Heart Rate Measures during Physical Education with Academic Performance and Executive Function in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study
Muntaner‐Mas, A., Conti, J. V., Salmon, J., & Palou, P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124307 · Cited by 6
“Thus, physical education provides a unique opportunity to study the relationship between cognitively engaging aerobic activities and academic performance and executive function [23,24].”
Background
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Inhibition in Children With and Without Motor Impairments
Yu, J. J., Tsai, C., Pan, C., Li, R., & Sit, C. H. P. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2020-0091 · Cited by 2
The role of sport participation on exercise self-efficacy, psychological need satisfaction, and resilience
Wiedenman, E. M. (2020) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale) · Cited by 2
Culture, Health, and School Readiness
Winter, S. M. (2011) · Educating the young child · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0573-9_11 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Physical Education and Sport on in Educational Outcomes and e-Learning Based on IoT
Xu, Y. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/1111108 · Cited by 3
Retracted
Hubungan Aktivitas Olahraga dengan Prestasi Akademik pada Atlet Akademi Arema U-14
Jauhari, R., Supriatna, S., Fadhli, N. R., & Roesdiyanto, R. (2022) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.17977/um062v4i102022p881-893 · Cited by 5
“Kekhawatiran tentang efek buruk pada prestasi akademik mungkin bukan alasan yang sah untuk membatasi program aktivitas olahraga pada anak karena dengan berolahraga justru akan meningkatkan aspek aspek yang menguntungkan dalam pencapaian prestasi akademik anak disekolah (Carlson et al., 2008).”
Background
Are Physically Active College Students More Successful Academically Than Their Inactive Peers
Meacham, J. T. (2015) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans) · Cited by 1
Effects of perinatal factors on body mass index and physical fitness of school-age children
Lučovnik, M., Starc, G., Golja, P., Verdenik, I., & Gantar, I. Š. (2018) · Slovenian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2478/sjph-2018-0011 · Cited by 2
“Parental education and occupation were more strongly related to adolescents’ physical activity and fitness outcomes than to family income (31).”
Background
Level of motivation and physical activity in primary education students
Villaverde, M. A., Portela-Pino, I., & Carballo, J. S. (2018) · Spring Conferences of Sports Science · doi:10.14198/jhse.2018.13.proc2.30 · Cited by 2
A Platform for Assessing Physical Education Activity Engagement
André, R. D. P., Raposo, A. B., & Fukś, H. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11051-2_42 · Cited by 2
Association between overweight and obesity with school performance in secondary students in Merida, Mexico
Salazar‐Rendón, J. C., Méndez‐Domínguez, N., & Azcorra, H. (2018) · Boletín Médico Del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition) · doi:10.24875/bmhime.m18000028 · Cited by 2
“BMI Normal Overweight Obesity 56% (164) 30% (87) 14% (41) 58% (109) 31% (58) 11% (21) 53% (54) 28% (29) 19% (20) 59% (90) 32% (48) 9% (13) 52% (73) 28% (39) 20% (28) 58% (119) 28% (58) 14% (28) 51% (44) 34% (29) 15% (13)”
How childhood obesity predicts academic achievement: A longitudinal study
Manes, R. L. (2014) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 2
Optimizing intersectoral collaboration in school health promotion : creating win-win situations and a systematic implementation based on the diagnosis of sustainable collaboration model
Pucher, K. K. (2015) · doi:10.26481/dis.20151214kp · Cited by 2
A Zero-Hour Physical Activity Program's Benefit on Academic Achievement in Elementary Aged School Children.
Phillips, K. L. (2017) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 2
From the sports hall into the classroom: Learning life skills through sport
Allen, G. (2013) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 2
Coordinative aerobic exercise does not enhance attention and concentration in college students
Epstein, M. (2011) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 2
The Impact of Time and Energy Expenditure in Physical Activity on Academic Performance: A Mixed-Methods Study
Qian, J., Xu, L., Liang, J., Wang, K., Xie, C., & Wang, P. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251365434 · Cited by 2
“In a longitudinal study examining the relationship between physical activity and academic achievement in elementary school students, Carlson et al. (2008) found no negative impact of physical activity on academic performance.”
Influential
Effects of comprehensive education on elementary school student performance on standardized exams
Higbee, K. V. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/1945890 · Cited by 1
Planting Aesthetics Seeds within the Journey of Children's Reading.
Cheng, J.-C., Chen, S.-M., & Chou, M.-J. (2015) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2015.030909
Physical Education and Academic Achievement: A Review
Shepherd, A., Pintado, I., & Bean, M. H. (2011) · Cited by 1
A study of the relationship of physical activity with scholastic performance and body mass index in children 12-18 years of age
Negi, S., John, B. M., & Patrikar, S. (2016) · Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health · doi:10.4038/sljch.v45i1.8080 · Cited by 3
Lesson Context and Student Behavior in a Physical Education Class of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Young, S. (2014) · Journal of Modern Education Review · doi:10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/06.04.2014/001 · Cited by 1
Childhood Fitness and Academic Performance: An Investigation into the Effect of Aerobic Capacity on Academic Test Scores.
Hobbs, M. R. (2014) · Cited by 1
Social Cybernetics of Team Performance Variability
Smith, T. J., Henning, R. A., Wade, M. G., & Fisher, T. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17319-12 · Cited by 1
Acute exercise and academic achievement in youth
Harveson, A. T. (2016) · J. Willard Marriott Library · doi:10.26053/0h-kfwc-vmg0 · Cited by 1
On the Move: A Mixed-Methods Study to Examine the Impact of Kinesthetic Learning Tables on Student On-Task Behavior and Academic Growth
Boone, N. (2016) · Digital Commons - Gardner-Webb University (Gardner–Webb University) · Cited by 1
Association of Internet Supported Physical Activity with Academic Performance of Medical Students
Khan, A., Afzal, S., Ahmed, Z., Mishal, M., Manan, A. H., Cheema, A., Tasneem, A., Rahbar, M., Mehmood, B., Shahid, A., et al. (2017) · Annals of King Edward Medical University · doi:10.21649/akemu.v23i1.1508 · Cited by 1
“Two similar studies conducted in USA found a positive relationship between PA and academic achievement.(8,9) Another research conducted in California, USA concluded that there was a consistent, positive and significant association between fitness scores and academic scores.”
Result
Using Physical Activity to Teach Academic Content: A Review of the Literature and Evidence-Based Recommendations
Kirk, S. M., & Kirk, E. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76006-3_11 · Cited by 1
An Investigation of the Relationship Between University Prep Class Students’ Intelligence Types and Their Success of Foreign Language Learning
Gülünay, Y. İ., & Savaş, S. (2019) · World Journal of Education · doi:10.5430/wje.v9n4p97 · Cited by 3
“When studies (Castelli et al., 2007; Carlson et al., 2008; Blom et al., 2011; Bezold et al., 2014) are examined, dealing with physical activities has a positive effect on the development of language skills.”
Background
Assessment of academic performance of licensed athletes
Aycan, Z., Akgül, S., Gençay, S., Kanbur, N., & Derman, O. (2020) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2019-0184 · Cited by 1
Retracted
Examining Associations Between Physical Activity and Academic Performance in a Large Sample of Ontario Students: The Role of Inattention and Hyperactivity
Ogrodnik, M., Halladay, J. E., Fenesi, B., Heisz, J. J., & Georgiades, K. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2020-0174 · Cited by 2
The competence of professors of physical and sports education in the use of modern teaching strategies for middle school under the second generation curriculum
Bengueneb, A., Atallah, A., & Bendehiba, D. (2021) · Fizicko vaspitanje i sport kroz vekove · doi:10.5937/spes2101068a · Cited by 1
A study on teacher education in India: Physical education, some policy issues and challenges
Ahmed, M., & Godiyal, S. (2021) · Edu Sportivo/Edu Sportivo · doi:10.25299/es:ijope.2021.vol2(3).7335 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Traditional Games Congklak Lidi and Sumbar Suru on the Concentration Level of Grade 3 SD Student
Iswinarti, & Kusuma, T. Y. S. S. (2024) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v9i5.15191 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Integrating Mathematics into the Physical Education Setting
Thompson, S., & Robertson, J. L. (2015) · SOPHIA (St. Catherine University) · Cited by 1
Integrating physical activity into preschool classroom academic lessons promotes daily physical activity and improves literacy
Kirk, S. M., Fuchs, W. W., & Kirk, E. P. (2013) · Dialogues in Social Justice: An Adult Education Journal (The University of North Carolina at Charlotte) · doi:10.55370/hsdialog.v16i3.112 · Cited by 1
Getting Kids Moving: A Schoolwide Approach
Pelt, J. V. (2017) · Strategies · doi:10.1080/08924562.2017.1372656 · Cited by 1
“Students can practice what they are learning in physical education, continue working toward their daily movement time, and be mentally ready for a day of learning and engagement in activities that lead to a healthy, fulfilling life (Carlson et al., 2008).”
In What Ways Do Health Behaviors Impact Academic Performance, Educational Aspirations, and Commitment to Learning?
Cabrera, J. C., Rodriguez, M. C., Karl, S. R., & Chávez, C. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Correlaciones entre la condición física y el logro académico en estudiantes de grado
(2020) · Journal of Physical Education and Human Movement · doi:10.24310/jpehmjpehm.v2i1.6770 · Cited by 1
“However, it has also been shown that while high intensity exercise (70-300 mins/week) provided an increase in academic success for females, there was neither a positive nor a negative effect for males (Carlson et al., 2008).”
Background
MODELLING THE TREND AND DETERMINANTS OF STUNTED CHILDREN AGE 0-59 MONTHS IN NIGERIA
Hassan, U. M., Ani, C. L., Ndaware, M. M., & Adesue, G. A. (2021) · Science World Journal · Cited by 1
Learning Strategy And Academic Achievement Of Student An Exploratory Study
Purnami, N. M. (2018) · Cited by 1
The intersections of education, sport and culture at Papunya: The need for field-based research in remote inland Australia
Fricker, A., & Judd, B. (2018) · Journal of Australian indigenous issues · doi:10.3316/informit.142672679550489 · Cited by 1
Objective physical activity and sleep characteristic measurements using a triaxial accelerometer in eight year olds
Harrington, S. A. (2011) · Human Biology · Cited by 1
Effects of a Brain Improvement Program on Students' Reading Achievement
Sánchez, E. (2013) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc271931 · Cited by 1
“Movement and exercise have been reported to positively impact learning, mainly in girls (Carlson et al., 2008).”
Influential
Physical education activity courses: an exploration of how enrollment influences student retention rates.
Naeger, D. (2018) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3105 · Cited by 1
“mathematics scale as compared with female students in the low physical education classification group (Carlson et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
A population-level examination of the magnitude of relationship between physical activity and academic achievementPreprint
Papasideris, M., Leatherdale, S. T., Battista, K., & Hall, P. A. (2019) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.2.10654/v1 · Cited by 1

Authors: Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Lee, S. M., Maynard, L. M., Brown, D. R., Kohl, H. W., & Dietz, W. H.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
ORCID: Carlson, Susan A.
Fulton, Janet E.
Lee, Sarah M.
Dietz, William H.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2008-04
Volume: 98
Issue: 4
Pages: 721-727
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.117176
PMC: PMC2377002
OpenAlex: W2157033737
Cited by: 368
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 59.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Physical Education and Pedagogy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
Keywords: physical education, academic performance, elementary school students, mathematics achievement, reading achievement, sex differences, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study
MeSH terms: Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Educational Measurement, Female, Humans, Learning, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mathematics, Motor Activity, Physical Education and Training, Reading, Schools, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Health Behavior, Exercise, Confidence Intervals, Linear Models

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Physical Education and Academic Achievement in Elementary School: Data From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks