Cited by 368Physical Education and PedagogyPhysical Activity and HealthSchool Health and Nursing Education

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Physical Education and Academic Achievement in Elementary School: Data From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study

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Carlson, Susan A., Fulton, Janet E., Lee, Sarah M., Maynard, L. Michele, Brown, David R., Kohl, Harold W., Dietz, William H.·2008·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2007.117176PMC PMC2377002

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Abstract

Objectives. We examined the association between time spent in physical education and academic achievement in a longitudinal study of students in kindergarten through fifth grade. Methods. We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998 to 1999, which employed a multistage probability design to select a nationally representative sample of students in kindergarten (analytic sample = 5316). Time spent in physical education (minutes per week) was collected from classroom teachers, and academic achievement (mathematics and reading) was scored on an item response theory scale. Results. A small but significant benefit for academic achievement in mathematics and reading was observed for girls enrolled in higher amounts (70–300 minutes per week) of physical education (referent: 0–35 minutes per week). Higher amounts of physical education were not positively or negatively associated with academic achievement among boys. Conclusions. Among girls, higher amounts of physical education may be associated with an academic benefit. Physical education did not appear to negatively affect academic achievement in elementary school students. Concerns about adverse effects on achievement may not be legitimate reasons to limit physical education programs.

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“The ability to reason logically and abstractly and to regulate one's cognitions and emotions is the hallmark of adolescence, but it emerges slowly (Dahl et al., 2018; Steinberg, 2005) and demonstrates significant individual differences (Carlson et al., 2008; Schulenberg & Maslowsky, 2015).”
Beta maritima mediated silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, and antioxidant activities
Khan, A. R., Ahmed, M., Khan, H., Osman, N. A. H. K., Gaafar, A.-R. Z., & Shafique, T. (2024) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103219 · Cited by 9
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“Another study indicated that taking time away from traditional educational pursuits during the school day to spend an hour devoted to physical activity will not adversely influence performance of traditional educational skills (Carlson et al., 2008).”
Background
The Mediating Influence of Physical Activity Levels on 3rd-Grade Academic Achievement
Caldas, S. J., & Reilly, M. S. (2019) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2019.1577775 · Cited by 12
“Similarly, Carlson et al. (2008) examined data collected on children from kindergarten through 5th grade and found a significant increase in academic achievement in math and reading among girls enrolled in greater amounts of physical education per week.”
Background
Actividad física y cognición: inseparables en el aula
Doherty, A., & Miravalles, A. F. I. (2020) · Journal of Neuroeducation · doi:10.1344/joned.v1i1.31665 · Cited by 27
Using Innovative Playgrounds and Cross-Curricular Design to Increase Physical Activity
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“…Ericcsson, 2008), classroom behavior (Barros, Silver, & Stein, 2009; Jarrett et al., 1998), correct responses to standardized tests (Budde et al.; Ericcsson; McNaughten & Gabbard, 1993; Sallis et al., 1999), academic achievement over time (Carlson et al., 2008), and academic ability (Dexter, 1999).”
Background
Literacy, Personal Development, and Social Development Among Latina Youth: Exploring the Use of Latino Literature and Dance
Cook, A. L., Hayden, L. A., & Denitzio, K. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2016.1172302 · Cited by 9
“Researchers have acknowledged positive relationships between physical activity, academic achievement (Carlson et al., 2008), and personal and social development (Hayden, Baltzell, Kilty, & McCarthy, 2012; Hellison, 2011).”
Background
Is full-day kindergarten linked to children’s physical activity?
Gottfried, M. A., & Le, V. (2017) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.03.003 · Cited by 9
An examination of the prospective association between physical activity and academic achievement in youth at the population level
Papasideris, M., Leatherdale, S. T., Battista, K., & Hall, P. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253142 · Cited by 13
Iranian adolescents’ insufficient physical activity: a mixed methods explanatory sequential study
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Factors Leading to Discrepancies in Accumulated Physical Activity During School Hours in Elementary School Students
Galloway, R., Booker, R., & Owens, S. (2019) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2018-0232 · Cited by 8
Spatial statistical machine learning models to assess the relationship between development vulnerabilities and educational factors in children in Queensland, Australia
Areed, W. D., Price, A., Arnett, K., & Mengersen, K. L. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14541-7 · Cited by 8
“Consistent with previous studies [55–57], we found strong evidence that preschool attendance is inversely associated with child developmental vulnerability in the physical health domain.”
Result
Have States Reduced Obesity by Legislating More Physical Activity in Elementary School?
von Hippel, P. T., & Frisvold, D. (2023) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12604 · Cited by 11
Childhood Obesity in the Testing Era: What Teachers and Schools Can Do!
Winter, S. M. (2009) · Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/00094056.2009.10521698 · Cited by 8
“In fact, increasing time for physical activity during the school day is associated with increased academic advantages, especially for girls (Carlson et al., 2008; Datar & Sturm, 2004).”
Background
Insights in Public Health: Data Highlights from the Hawai'i Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Links Between Academic Achievement and Health Behaviors.
Rodericks, R., Vu, U., Holmes, Ryan, J., Sentell, T. L., & Saka, S. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 7
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Pérusse, R., Kailimang, L., & Krell, M. M. (2009) · Journal of school counseling · Cited by 7
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Koch, J. L. (2013) · Strategies · doi:10.1080/08924562.2013.782242 · Cited by 7
“…more academic time, even though time spent in physical education and other physical activity opportunities is not negatively associated with academic performance in other subjects (Ahamed et al., 2007; Carlson et al., 2008; Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves, & Malina, 2006; Trudeau & Shephard, 2008).”
Background
Determinants of Academic Performance in Ghanaian Polytechnics
Luguterah, A., & Apam, B. (2013) · Mathematical theory and modeling · Cited by 7
Cualificación e implicación del profesorado de infantil frente a la educación motriz
Emeterio, M. Á. V. S., Arazuri, E. S., Elizondo, A. P. D. L., & Ruiz, R. A. A. (2018) · Sportis Scientific Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity · doi:10.17979/sportis.2018.4.1.3165 · Cited by 7
“…promueve la longevidad y reduce la probabilidad de sufrir enfermedades biológicas (Tasic y Lovic, 2018), por otro, fomenta beneficios cognitivos y afectivos (Carlson et al. , 2008; Giles et al., 2017) y al mismo tiempo impulsa las relaciones sociales (Lineweaver, Kugler, Rabellino y Stephan, 2017).”
Background
Physical Activity & The Sustainable Development Goals: A Public Health Approach Towards Advancing the Power of Movement
Otterbein, M. (2020) · Journal of Emerging Sport Studies · Cited by 6
Welchen Einfluss haben körperliche Aktivität und Fitness im Kindes- und Jugendalter auf Bildungsoutcomes?
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“…et al., 2005; Fredricks, & Eccles, 2006; Koivusilta et al., 2001; Koivusilta et al., 2003; Nelson, & Gordon-Larsen, 2006), über Fremdurteile (Carlson et al., 2008; Kantomaa et al., 2013; Stevens et al., 2008) oder in Form von objektiven Testverfahren (Chen et al., 2013; Haapala et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Health, Physical Activity, and Academic Achievement: The Role of Teachers, Schools, and Communities
Hernandez, B. L. M. (2014) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2014.876868 · Cited by 7
“8 Volume 85 Number 3 march 2014 Vi ew po in t A student’s academic success is a determinant of overall student health and future adult health outcomes (Carlson et al., 2008).”
Background
Association Between School- and Nonschool-Based Activity Programs and Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls
Taber, D. R., Stevens, J., Lytle, L. A., Foreman, R. D., Moody, J. S., Parra-Medina, D. M., & PRATT, C. A. (2011) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.8.7.971 · Cited by 6
The Physical Activity Climate in Minnesota Middle and High Schools
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“Regular participation in physical activity has been shown to promote multiple physical, mental and emotional health benefits, including healthier bones and muscles,(5,6) reduced risk of obesity and chronic disease,(5,6) decreased feelings of depression,(5,6) and improved cognitive performance.(7) Despite the well-know…”
The influence of race–ethnicity and physical activity levels on elementary school achievement
Caldas, S. J., & Reilly, M. S. (2017) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2017.1297925 · Cited by 7
“Similarly, Carlson et al. (2008) examined data collected on children from kindergarten through Grade 5 and found a significant increase in academic achievement in mathematics and reading among girls enrolled in greater amounts of physical education per week.”
Background
Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Weight Status, and Academic Performance: Longitudinal Evidence From 1 School District
Aske, D. B., Chomitz, V. R., Liu, X., Arsenault, L. N., Bhalotra, S. M., & Acevedo‐García, D. (2018) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12643 · Cited by 6
Lecciones activas: estrategia para aumentar la actividad física de los escolares durante la jornada lectiva. [Physically active lessons: strategy to increase scholars´ physical activity during school time].
Polo-Recuero, B., Moreno-Barrio, A., & Ordóñez-Dios, A. (2020) · RICYDE Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte · doi:10.5232/ricyde2020.06201 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of physical activity at Forest School
Lovell, R. (2009) · ERA · Cited by 6
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOUR IN ASSOCIATION WITH ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
Syväoja, H. J. (2014) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 6
School Climate, Early Adolescent Development, and Identity: Associations with Adjustment Outcomes
Smith, M. L. (2015) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.6670 · Cited by 6
Cross-sectional association between frequency of vigorous physical activity and academic achievement in 214,808 adolescents
Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Yang, X., & Chen, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1366451 · Cited by 9
Longitudinal Effects of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Physical Education Classes on Attention and Academic Achievement
Shin, K., You, S., & Kim, M. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14110982 · Cited by 7
“Therefore, future research needs to address a more comprehensive understanding of PE and cognitive and academic development across gender groups.”
Desenvolvimento motor e sucesso académico. Que relação em crianças e jovens?
Saraiva, J. P., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2013) · Revista Portuguesa de Educação · doi:10.21814/rpe.3045 · Cited by 4

Authors: Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Lee, S. M., Maynard, L. M., Brown, D. R., Kohl, H. W., & Dietz, W. H.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
ORCID: Carlson, Susan A.
Fulton, Janet E.
Lee, Sarah M.
Dietz, William H.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2008-04
Volume: 98
Issue: 4
Pages: 721-727
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.117176
PMC: PMC2377002
OpenAlex: W2157033737
Cited by: 368
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 59.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Physical Education and Pedagogy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
Keywords: physical education, academic performance, elementary school students, mathematics achievement, reading achievement, sex differences, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study
MeSH terms: Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Educational Measurement, Female, Humans, Learning, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mathematics, Motor Activity, Physical Education and Training, Reading, Schools, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Health Behavior, Exercise, Confidence Intervals, Linear Models

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Physical Education and Academic Achievement in Elementary School: Data From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study

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