The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical Education and Academic Achievement in Elementary School: Data From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. We examined the association between time spent in physical education and academic achievement in a longitudinal study of students in kindergarten through fifth grade. Methods. We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998 to 1999, which employed a multistage probability design to select a nationally representative sample of students in kindergarten (analytic sample = 5316). Time spent in physical education (minutes per week) was collected from classroom teachers, and academic achievement (mathematics and reading) was scored on an item response theory scale. Results. A small but significant benefit for academic achievement in mathematics and reading was observed for girls enrolled in higher amounts (70–300 minutes per week) of physical education (referent: 0–35 minutes per week). Higher amounts of physical education were not positively or negatively associated with academic achievement among boys. Conclusions. Among girls, higher amounts of physical education may be associated with an academic benefit. Physical education did not appear to negatively affect academic achievement in elementary school students. Concerns about adverse effects on achievement may not be legitimate reasons to limit physical education programs.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Most of the existing studies found that there is no significant gender difference in the positive effect of physical activity on academic achievement [13], or that girls’ academic achievement income in physical activity is significantly higher than that of boys [12,46].”
Citations
Cites
Models for Longitudinal Data: A Generalized Estimating Equation Approach
Zeger, S. L., Liang, K., & Albert, P. S. (1988) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531734 · Cited by 4,505
Evidence Based Physical Activity for School-age Youth
Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J. R., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., Hergenroeder, A. C., Must, A., Nixon, P. A., Pivarnik, J. M., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.055 · Cited by 4,222
The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activityA systematic review1 and 2
KAHN, E., RAMSEY, L., BROWNSON, R., HEATH, G., HOWZE, E., POWELL, K., STONE, E., RAJAB, M., & CORSO, P. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00434-8 · Cited by 2,022
Physical Education and Sport in Schools: A Review of Benefits and Outcomes
Bailey, R. (2006) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x · Cited by 1,080
Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Alcaraz, J. E., Kolody, B., Faucette, N., & Hovell, M. F. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.8.1328 · Cited by 914
Tracking of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness across the Lifespan
Malina, R. M. (1996) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1996.10608853 · Cited by 736
Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior
MAHAR, M. T., MURPHY, S. K., ROWE, D. A., GOLDEN, J., SHIELDS, A. T., & RAEDEKE, T. D. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000235359.16685.a3 · Cited by 674
Effect of physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in children
COE, D. P., PIVARNIK, J. M., WOMACK, C. J., REEVES, M. J., & MALINA, R. M. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000227537.13175.1b · Cited by 611
Effects of Health-Related Physical Education on Academic Achievement: Project SPARK
Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Kolody, B., Lewis, M., Marshall, S., & Rosengard, P. (1999) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1999.10608030 · Cited by 499
Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance: Executive summary
Koplan, J. P., Liverman, C. T., & Kraak, V. I. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.023 · Cited by 486
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Shephard RJ, Lavallee H, Volle M, LaBarre R, Beaucage C. Academic skills and required physical education: the Trois Rivieres experience. CAPHER J Res Suppl. 1994;1:1–12.
- 10.2307/2685737 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., Lambourne, K., & Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000901 · Cited by 1,864
“Longitudinal Studies—The longitudinal, observational cohort study (17) on PE and academic achievement reported positive results for girls but not boys.”
Self-citationDobbins, M., Husson, H., DeCorby, K., & LaRocca, R. L. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007651.pub2 · Cited by 1,358
Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
Kohl, H. W., Cook, H. D. V., & Nutrition Board (2013) · Cited by 805
Self-citationRasberry, C. N., Lee, S. M., Robin, L., Laris, B. A., Russell, L. A., Coyle, K. K., & Nihiser, A. J. (2011) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.027 · Cited by 709
“Three of the studies found positive associations between time spent in physical education or skills learned in physical education and indicators of academic achievement (Carlson et al., 2008; Dexter, 1999; Tremarche et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSingh, A. (2012) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.716 · Cited by 604
Metadata
- Authors
- Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Lee, S. M., Maynard, L. M., Brown, D. R., Kohl, H. W., & Dietz, W. H.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 721-727
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC2377002
- OpenAlex
- W2157033737
- Cited by
- 368
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 59.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Physical Education and Pedagogy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
- Keywords
- physical education, academic performance, elementary school students, mathematics achievement, reading achievement, sex differences, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Educational Measurement, Female, Humans, Learning, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mathematics, Motor Activity, Physical Education and Training, Reading, Schools, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Health Behavior, Exercise, Confidence Intervals, Linear Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
