Cited by 1,548Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us

Open access

Braveman, Paula A., Cubbin, Catherine, Egerter, Susan, Williams, David R., Pamuk, Elsie·2010·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2009.166082PMC PMC2837459

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives. We aimed to describe socioeconomic disparities in the United States across multiple health indicators and socioeconomic groups. Methods. Using recent national data on 5 child (infant mortality, health status, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary adolescents) and 6 adult (life expectancy, health status, activity limitation, heart disease, diabetes, obesity) health indicators, we examined indicator rates across multiple income or education categories, overall and within racial/ethnic groups. Results. Those with the lowest income and who were least educated were consistently least healthy, but for most indicators, even groups with intermediate income and education levels were less healthy than the wealthiest and most educated. Gradient patterns were seen often among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites but less consistently among Hispanics. Conclusions. Health in the United States is often, though not invariably, patterned strongly along both socioeconomic and racial/ethnic lines, suggesting links between hierarchies of social advantage and health. Worse health among the most socially disadvantaged argues for policies prioritizing those groups, but pervasive gradient patterns also indicate a need to address a wider socioeconomic spectrum—which may help garner political support. Routine health reporting should examine socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparity patterns, jointly and separately.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2105/ajph.2009.166082

Cites

121 of 121 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health
Marmot, M. G., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A. J., & Taylor, S. A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6 · Cited by 8,473
Actual causes of death in the United States
McGinnis, J. M. (1993) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510180077038 · Cited by 5,480
The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States
McGlynn, E. A., Asch, S. M., Adams, J., Keesey, J., Hicks, J., DeCristofaro, A., & Kerr, E. A. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa022615 · Cited by 5,079
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371
Self-citation
The Obesity Epidemic in the United States Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis
Wang, Y., & Beydoun, M. A. (2007) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm007 · Cited by 2,854
Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic catchment area study
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5931 · Cited by 2,561
Socioeconomic Status in Health Research
Braveman, P., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S. A., Chideya, S., Marchi, K. S., Metzler, M. M., & Posner, S. F. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.22.2879 · Cited by 2,360
Self-citation
Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Winkleby, M. A., Jatulis, D. E., Frank, E., & Fortmann, S. P. (1992) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.82.6.816 · Cited by 2,048
US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (1995) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002025 · Cited by 1,718
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 122 references

1 of the 122 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 10

Fox AJ, 1989, Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 37, 443
Krieger N, 1997, Public Health Rep, 112, 481
Ervin RB, Natl Health Stat Rep
Fryar CD, Natl Health Stat Rep
Schoenborn CA, Natl Health Stat Rep
Braveman P, 2008, Matern Child Health J
Egerter S, 2008, America's Health Starts With Healthy Children: How Do States Compare?
Greenberg RS, 2004, Medical Epidemiology
2008, Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health
2000, Healthy People 2010. With Understanding and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,000

Relationship between body mass index and cardiometabolic health in a multi-ethnic population: A project baseline health study
Shah, N. P., Lü, R., Haddad, F., Shore, S., Schaack, T., Mega, J. L., Pagidipati, N. J., Palaniappan, L. P., Mahaffey, K. W., Shah, S. H., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2024.100646 · Cited by 8
Using latent class analysis to investigate enduring effects of intersectional social disadvantage on long-term vocational and financial outcomes in the 20-year prospective Chicago Longitudinal Study
Jones, N., Tong, L., Pagdon, S., Ebuenyi, I. D., Harrow, M., Sharma, R. P., & Rosen, C. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000588 · Cited by 8
Yoga-Based Interventions in Low-Income Populations: A Scoping Review
Nagaswami, M. V., Saper, R. B., Streeter, C. C., Uebelacker, L. A., Ding, G. A., Dalvie, A., Norton, R., Mischoulon, D., & Nyer, M. (2024) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2023.0479 · Cited by 10
Dark intelligence: When the possibility of 1984 becomes reality
Sternberg, R. J. (2024) · Possibility Studies & Society · doi:10.1177/27538699241267189 · Cited by 10
Paper 6: engaging racially and ethnically diverse interest holders in evidence syntheses
Sathe, N. A., Ovelman, C., Ospina, N. S., Dewidar, O., Terhune, E., Francis, D., Welch, V. A., Heyn, P. C., Duque, T. G., & Viswanathan, M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111575 · Cited by 11
Social disparities among youth and the impact on their health
Kreatsoulas, C., Hassan, A., Subramanian, S. V., & Fleegler, E. W. (2015) · Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s64903 · Cited by 8
Patterns of cancer-related health behaviors among middle-aged and older adults: Individual- and area-level socioeconomic disparities
Moss, J. L., Xiao, Q., & Matthews, C. E. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.003 · Cited by 8
Learning to Address Health Inequality in the United States with a Bayesian Decision Network
Sethi, T., Mittal, A., Maheshwari, S., & Chugh, S. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301710 · Cited by 8
An analysis of homeless patients in the United States requiring ICU admission
Nathanson, B. H., Higgins, T. L., Stefan, M. S., Lagu, T. C., Lindenauer, P. K., & Steingrub, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.10.026 · Cited by 8
Opportunity and Responsibility for Health
Cavallero, E. (2019) · The Journal of Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10892-019-09300-7 · Cited by 8
Local Area Variation in Morbidity Among Low-Income, Older Adults in the United States
Polyakova, M., & Hua, L. M. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-2800 · Cited by 9
U.S. parent perspectives on media guidance from pediatric autism professionals
Alper, M. (2020) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2020.1736111 · Cited by 8
Maternal socio-economic disadvantage in Aotearoa New Zealand and the impact on midwifery care
Dixon, L., Neely, E., Eddy, A., Raven, B., & Bartle, C. (2020) · New Zealand College of Midwives · doi:10.12784/nzcomjnl56.2020.4.26-34 · Cited by 7
Influence on attitudes and lifestyle due to lockdown amidst COVID-19 pandemic: a perception-based analysis among Bangladeshi residents
Islam, M. S., Ullah, M. A., Islam, U. S., Hossain, S., Araf, Y., Das, A., Khan, A. N., Islam, N. N., Sarkar, B., & Shohael, A. M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12012-z · Cited by 11
Neighborhood Food Environment Associated with Cardiometabolic Health among Predominately Low-income, Urban, Black Women
Corona, G., Dubowitz, T., Troxel, W., Ghosh‐Dastidar, M., Rockette‐Wagner, B., & Gary‐Webb, T. L. (2021) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.31.4.537 · Cited by 8
Cognitive differences across ethnoracial category, socioeconomic status across the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum: Can an ability discrepancy score level the playing field?
McDonough, I. M., Cody, S. L., Harrell, E. R., Garrett, S. L., & Popp, T. E. (2022) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-022-01304-3 · Cited by 8
Lifecourse Exposures and Socioeconomic Disparities in Child Health
Reichman, N. E., & Teitler, J. O. (2013) · National symposium on family issues · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6194-4_9 · Cited by 8
Health, Hope, and Human Development: Building Capacity in Public Housing Communities on the U.S.-Mexico Border
Mata, H. J., Flores, M. L., Castañeda, E., Medina‐Jerez, W., Lachica, J. G., Smith, C. A., & Olvera, H. A. (2013) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2013.0168 · Cited by 8
Development and Preliminary Testing of the Health in Community Survey
Iezzoni, L., Barreto, E. A., Wint, A., Hong, C. S., & Donelan, K. (2015) · Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2015.0023 · Cited by 8
Social Context and Value-Based Care
Thurman, W., & Harrison, T. C. (2017) · Policy Politics & Nursing Practice · doi:10.1177/1527154417698145 · Cited by 8
To be (healthy) or not to be: Moderated mediation of the relationships between masculine norms, future orientation, family income, and college men’s healthful behaviors.
Bradstreet, T. C., & Parent, M. C. (2017) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000129 · Cited by 9
Comparative outcomes of inpatients with lung collapse managed by bronchoscopic or conservative means
Toolsie, O., Adrish, M., ZAIDI, S. A., & Diaz‐Fuentes, G. (2019) · BMJ Open Respiratory Research · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000427 · Cited by 8
Heterogeneous Relationships between Labor Income and Health by Race/Ethnicity
Meraya, A. M., Dwibedi, N., Innes, K. E., Mitra, S., Tan, X., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2017) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12802 · Cited by 8
A composite socioeconomic deprivation index from All of Us survey data: associations with health outcomes and disparitiesPreprint
Gupta, S., Lam, V., Jordan, I. K., & Mariño‐Ramírez, L. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.24314904 · Cited by 8
Delayed Interventions, Low Compliance, and Health Disparities Amplified the Early Spread of COVID-19Preprint
Jalali, A. M., Khoury, S. G., See, J., Gulsvig, A. M., Peterson, B. M., Gunasekera, R. S., Buzi, G., Wilson, J., & Galbadage, T. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.20165654 · Cited by 8
Disparities of Access, Use, and Barriers to Seeking Health Care Services in Arizona
Gallaway, M. S., Aseret-Manygoats, T., & Tormala, W. (2021) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001665 · Cited by 11
Assessment of Medical and Public Assistance Expenditures and Employment Among US Adults With Cancer Diagnoses
Grabowski, D. C., Kansal, A. R., Goldman, D. P., & Lakdawalla, D. N. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.15823 · Cited by 7
Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Precision Medicine
Myers, H. F., Fair, A. M., Villalta, F., Walz, K., Beech, B. M., Scott, W. K., & Haas, D. W. (2021) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0131 · Cited by 7
Evaluating the Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Outcomes
Marxen, T., Faulkner, H. R., & D, A. L. M. (2022) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/sap.0000000000003332 · Cited by 7
Discrimination and Perceived Cultural Mismatch Increase Status-Based Identity Uncertainty
Feasel, S. H., Dover, T. L., Small, P. A., & Major, B. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231163736 · Cited by 11
Mediators of Ethnic Differences in Dropout Rates From a Randomized Controlled Treatment Trial Among Latinx and Non-Latinx White Primary Care Patients With Anxiety Disorders
Escovar, E. L., Bocanegra, E. S., Craske, M. G., Bystritsky, A., Roy‐Byrne, P., Sherbourne, C. D., Stein, M. B., & Chavira, D. A. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001533 · Cited by 6
The integration of health equity into policy to reduce disparities: Lessons from California during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kwan, A. T., Vargo, J., Kurtz, C., Panditrao, M. V., Hoover, C. M., León, T. M., Rocha, D., Wheeler, W., Jain, S., Pan, E., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316517 · Cited by 7
Health Outcomes of Medically and Economically Vulnerable Adults
Cooley, M. E., Thompson, H., & Murray, H. (2018) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000190 · Cited by 7
Health-Predictive Social-Environmental Stressors and Social Buffers Are Place Based: A Multilevel Example From San Bernardino Communities
Arthur, K. N., Knutsen, S. F., Spencer-Hwang, R., Shavlik, D. J., & Montgomery, S. (2019) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/2150132719835627 · Cited by 7
Adolescent development and schooling in the digital age
Kreniske, P., Spindler, E., & Santelli, J. S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817319-0.00001-3 · Cited by 8
Comparison of individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status in case mix adjustment of hospital performance in primary total hip replacement in Sweden: a register-based study
Mesterton, J., Willers, C., Dahlström, T., & Rolfson, O. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05510-0 · Cited by 7
Geographically based risk assessment of sleep disorders and disease states impacting medical readiness across active duty army installations from military medical databases in fiscal year 2017
Brager, A. J., Hosamane, N. S., Ritland, B. M., Capaldi, V. F., & Simonelli, G. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2020.07.006 · Cited by 7
A way forward: Considering the sustainability, equity and unintended effects of social control measures as a response to the COVID ‐19 crisis
Rangel, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13508 · Cited by 7
Income‐driven socioeconomic status and presenting illness severity in children with acute respiratory failure
Kachmar, A. G., Wypij, D., Perry, M., Curley, M. A. Q., & for the RESTORE Study Investigators (2021) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22182 · Cited by 7
The effects of experimentally manipulated social status and subjective social status on physical activity among Hispanic adolescents: An RCT
Lee, A. M., Huo, T., Miller, D. R., Gurka, M. J., Thompson, L. A., Modave, F. P., Hong, Y., Pavela, G., & Cardel, M. I. (2021) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12877 · Cited by 7
Subjective social status and allostatic load in mothers 1 year after birth.
Guardino, C. M., & Schetter, C. D. (2022) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001148 · Cited by 7
Design of a Novel Intervention Model to Address Cardiovascular Health Disparities in the Rural Underserved Community of Phillips County Arkansas
Barnes, J. W., Massing, M. W., Dugyala, S., Cottoms, N., & Pursell, I. W. (2022) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2021.0175 · Cited by 7
Health Inequalities
McLeod, J. D., Erving, C. L., & Caputo, J. (2014) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9002-4_28 · Cited by 6
Racial and ethnic differences in patients enrolled in the national bronchiectasis and nontuberculous mycobacteria research registry
McShane, P. J., Choate, R., Johnson, M. M., Maselli, D. J., Winthrop, K. L., & Metersky, M. L. (2023) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107167 · Cited by 7
Health-related quality of life analyses in nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma patients identifies at-risk populations
Wisdom, A. J., Dyer, M. A., Horick, N., Yeap, B., Miller, K., Swearingen, B., Loeffler, J., & Shih, H. (2023) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-023-01334-3 · Cited by 6
Association between subjective social status and physical frailty in older adults in India: perceived discrimination and III-treatment as mediators and moderators
Muhammad, T., & Pai, M. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02531-7 · Cited by 7
Socioeconomic bias in applying artificial intelligence models to health care
Juhn, Y. J., Malik, M. M., Ryu, E., Wi, C., & Halamka, J. D. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15688-5.00044-9 · Cited by 9
Health inequality and health insurance coverage: The United States and China compared
Costa‐Font, J., Cowell, F., & Shi, X. (2023) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101346 · Cited by 7
Prevalence and Spatial Autocorrelation of Tuberculosis in Indigenous People in Brazil, 2002-2022
Polidoro, M., & de Oliveira, D. C. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-01924-2 · Cited by 6
Impact of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Geography on Healthcare Outcomes for Children With Sickle Cell Disease in the United States: A Scoping Review
Wahab, S., Kelly, K., Klingler, M., Pirovic, A., Futch, K. N., Rennie, C., Durham, D., Herber, D. L., Gramling, G., Price, S., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.56089 · Cited by 7
Examining socioeconomic health disparities using a rank-dependent Rényi index
Talih, M. (2015) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/15-aoas822 · Cited by 7
Investing in the Future: Expanding Educational Opportunities for First-Generation Latino College Students
Piedra, L. M., Schiffner, T. A., & Reynaga-Abiko, G. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9452-3_6 · Cited by 7
Relational Discord in Urban Primary Care: Prevalence Rates and Psychiatric Comorbidities
Woods, S., Priest, J. B., Fish, J. N., Rodríguez, J. E., & Denton, W. H. (2014) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2014.0101 · Cited by 7
Fiber Intake Varies by Poverty-Income Ratio and Race/Ethnicity in the US Adults
McAnulty, J. T., Akabas, S., Thuppal, S. V., Paxson, E. E., Saklani, S., Tucker, K. L., & Bailey, R. L. (2017) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0000000000000207 · Cited by 7
Public Health and Social Justice: An Argument Against Stigma as a Tool of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Blacksher, E. A. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.24 · Cited by 7
The development of nations conditions the disease space
Garas, A., Guthmuller, S., & Λαπατίνας, Α. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244843 · Cited by 7
Structural racism and social environmental risk: A case study of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Louisiana
Lopez‐Littleton, V., & Sampson, C. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819008-1.00013-4 · Cited by 8
Maternal Socioeconomic Factors and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Neonatal Anthropometry
Lambert, C. E., Gleason, J. L., Pugh, S. J., Liu, A., Bever, A. M., Grobman, W. A., Newman, R., Wing, D. A., Gerlanc, N., Ayele, F. T., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197323 · Cited by 8
EXAMINING SOCIOECONOMIC HEALTH DISPARITIES USING A RANK-DEPENDENT RÉNYI INDEX
Talih, M. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 7
Understanding Associations between Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health
Williams, D. R., Priest, N., & Anderson, N. B. (2019) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478004363-031 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Erratum
Schetter, C. D., Schafer, P., Lanzi, R. G., Clark‐Kauffman, E., Raju, T., & Hillemeier, M. M. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614533069 · Cited by 7
Parent Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Suarez, G. L., Boone, M. H., Burt, S. A., Shewark, E. A., Mitchell, C. M., Guzmán, P., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Klump, K. L., Monk, C. S., & Hyde, L. W. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01642-6 · Cited by 6
Disparities of Delayed Dental Visits and Severe Tooth Loss Among Older Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders in Hawaiʻi: A Cross-Sectional Study of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data from 2012 to 2020
Wu, Y. Y., Mattheus, D. J., Woodworth, F., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-01991-5 · Cited by 6
Socioeconomic inequalities in the relationship between internet usage patterns and depressive symptoms: Evidence from a Chinese longitudinal study
Wang, T., Zhang, S., Li, Q., Liu, H., Zhang, S., Jian, W., & Guo, J. (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04127 · Cited by 6
All-cause mortality among United States military personnel: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study, 2001–2021
Carey, F. R., Harbertson, J., Sharifian, N., Boyko, E. J., & Rull, R. P. (2024) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.08.006 · Cited by 9
Neighborhood-level income and MRSA infection risk in the USA: systematic review and meta-analysis
Blackmon, S. A., Avendano, E. E., Balaji, S., Argaw, S. A., Morin, R. A., Nirmala, N., Doron, S., & Nadimpalli, M. L. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22275-5 · Cited by 6
Differences in the Effects of the Great Recession on Health Outcomes among Minority Working-Age Adults
Towne, S. D., Probst, J. C., Hardin, J. W., Bell, B. A., & Glover, S. H. (2014) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-014-0046-y · Cited by 6
Disadvantage, self-control, and health
Adler, N. E. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512781112 · Cited by 8
Psychological distress, social context, and gender patterns in obesity among a multiethnic sample of U.S. college students
Cheng, C. E., Tobin, C. S. T., & Weiss, J. W. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1817032 · Cited by 6
Disparate impact pandemic framing decreases public concern for health consequences
Yıldırım, U. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243599 · Cited by 6
Health Benefits of Education: Comparative Evidence from Vietnam and Thailand
Tran, D. B. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221085261 · Cited by 7
Association of County-Level Upward Economic Mobility with Stage at Diagnosis and Receipt of Curative-Intent Treatment among Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Paro, A., Dalmacy, D. M., Tslimigras, D. I., Cloyd, J. M., Ejaz, A. M., & Pawlik, T. M. (2022) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-022-11726-7 · Cited by 6
Angina Outcomes in Secondhand Smokers: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018
Chaar, S., Yoon, J., Abdulkarim, J., Villalobos, J., Garcia, J. M., & Castillo, H. L. (2022) · Avicenna Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1750730 · Cited by 6
Average years of life lost due to breast and cervical cancer and the association with the marginalization index in Mexico in 2000 and 2010
Dávila-Cervantes, C. A., & Agudelo‐Botero, M. (2014) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00113813 · Cited by 6
Cross race comparisons between SES health gradients among African–American and white women at mid-life
Reagan, P. B., & Salsberry, P. J. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.028 · Cited by 6
The Role of Residential Segregation in Explaining Racial Gaps in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity
Ryabov, I. (2015) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x15607165 · Cited by 6
The Precautionary Principle for Shift-Work Research and Decision-Making
Adams, C. D., Blacksher, E. A., & Burke, W. (2018) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/phy005 · Cited by 6
Low childhood subjective social status and telomere length in adulthood: The role of attachment orientations
Murdock, K. W., Seiler, A., Chirinos, D. A., Garcini, L. M., Acebo, S. L., Cohen, S., & Fagundes, C. P. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21601 · Cited by 6
The association of parental and offspring educational attainment with systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and waist circumference in Latino adults
Whitley, J. C., Peralta, C. A., Haan, M. N., Aiello, A. E., Lee, A., Ward, J. B., Hazzouri, A. Z. A., Neuhaus, J. M., Moyce, S. C., & López, L. (2018) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.307 · Cited by 5
The American Diabetes Association in the Era of Health Care Transformation
Hill‐Briggs, F. (2019) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds18-0071 · Cited by 7
Linking studies to assess the life expectancy associated with eighth grade school achievement
Hahn, R. A., & Chattopadhyay, S. K. (2019) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100980 · Cited by 5
Social work and toddler overweight risk: Identifying modifiable child and parent factors across the socioeconomic gradient
Schuler, B. R. (2019) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2019.1680478 · Cited by 6
The German Version of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory (MASI) for Turkish-Origin Immigrants
Scholaske, L., Rodriguez, N., Sari, N. E., Spallek, J., Ziegler, M. D., & Entringer, S. (2020) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000567 · Cited by 8
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities of Covid-19 attacks rates in Suffolk County communities
Dobin, D., & Dobin, A. (2020) · Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.12175 · Cited by 6
“The Tip of the Iceberg”: Commentary on Sports, Health Inequity, and Trauma Exacerbated by COVID-19
Noel-London, K., Grimsley, C., Porter, J., & Breitbach, A. P. (2020) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0350.20 · Cited by 6
Factors Associated With Pediatric Burn Clinic Follow-up After Emergency Department Discharge
Seegan, P. L., Tangella, K., Seivert, N. P., Reynolds, E. K., Young, A. S., Ziegfeld, S. M., Garcia, A. V., Hodgman, E., & Parrish, C. (2021) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irab046 · Cited by 6
Physical activity and other health-related behaviors in adults from Oradea, Romania. Facts and social factors
Buhaș, R., Săveanu, S., & Bacter, C. (2020) · Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.29359/bjhpa.12.spec.iss1.05 · Cited by 6
Trends in Hospital Lawsuits Filed Against Patients for Unpaid Bills Following Published Research About This Activity
Paturzo, J. G. R., Hashim, F., Dun, C., Boctor, M. J., Bruhn, W. E., Walsh, C. M., Bai, G., & Makary, M. A. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21926 · Cited by 6
Early maturity, shortened stature, and hardship: Can life‐history trade‐offs indicate social stratification and income inequality in the United States?
Rivara, A. C., & Madrigal, L. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23283 · Cited by 6
Socioeconomic disparity of immunologic outcome among people living with HIV in Guangxi, China
Yang, X., Li, X., Qiao, S., Shen, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2020.1738004 · Cited by 6
Poly-Exposure and Poly-Genomic Scores Implicate Prominent Roles of Non-Genetic and Demographic Factors in Four Common Diseases in the UKPreprint
He, Y., Lakhani, C. M., Manrai, A. K., & Patel, C. J. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/833632 · Cited by 5
Network Learning Approaches to study World HappinessPreprint
Dixit, S., Chaudhary, M., & Sahni, N. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.09181 · Cited by 6
The InterModel Vigorish (IMV) as a flexible and portable approach for quantifying predictive accuracy with binary outcomesPreprint
Domingue, B. W., Rahal, C., Faul, J. D., Jeremy Freese, A., Kanopka, K., Rigos, A., Stenhaug, B., & Tripathi, A. (2021) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/gu3ap · Cited by 9
Pink and Dude Chefs: A nutrition and culinary intervention for middle school students
Sheehan, T. R. (2013) · doi:10.15368/theses.2013.32 · Cited by 6
Mortality in Women across the FMR1 CGG Repeat Range: The Neuroprotective Effect of Higher Education
Hong, J., Dembo, R. S., DaWalt, L. S., Baker, M. W., Berry‐Kravis, E., & Seltzer, M. M. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12172137 · Cited by 5
Friends, neighbors, country, and respect: Status ladders and health behaviors in the United States
Andersson, M. A., & Link, B. G. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117396 · Cited by 5
Exploring patient perspectives, socioeconomic status and beliefs on rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: A qualitative study
Nayak, M. S., Anupama Prabhu, B., Balthillaya, G., Ramachandra, P., Poojari, D. P., Shwetha, T. S., Elliott, J. M., & Meeus, M. (2025) · Shoulder & Elbow · doi:10.1177/17585732251327175 · Cited by 5
Universal Screening of Hunger, Tiredness, and Sickness: Implications for Kindergarten Readiness and Racial/Ethnic Disparities
Steyer, L., Townley-Flores, C., Sulik, M. J., & Obradović, J. (2022) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2067430 · Cited by 6
Explaining socioeconomic disparities in electoral participation: The role of health in the SES-voting relationship
Nelson, M. H. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115718 · Cited by 5
Future Directions for Transforming Kinesiology Implementation Science Into Society
Alamilla, R. A., Keith, N. R., Hasson, R. E., Welk, G. J., Riebe, D. A., Wilcox, S., & Pate, R. R. (2023) · Kinesiology Review · doi:10.1123/kr.2022-0042 · Cited by 5

Authors: Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D. R., & Pamuk, E.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Braveman, Paula A.
Cubbin, Catherine
Egerter, Susan
Williams, David R.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 100
Issue: S1
Pages: S186-S196
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.166082
PMC: PMC2837459
OpenAlex: W2138696311
Cited by: 1,548
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 59.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: socioeconomic inequalities in health, income, educational attainment, racial and ethnic disparities, health gradient, infant mortality, life expectancy, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary behavior, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, child health, social determinants of health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class, United States, Health Behavior, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks