Cited by 1,548Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

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Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us

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Braveman, Paula A., Cubbin, Catherine, Egerter, Susan, Williams, David R., Pamuk, Elsie·2010·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2009.166082PMC PMC2837459

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Abstract

Objectives. We aimed to describe socioeconomic disparities in the United States across multiple health indicators and socioeconomic groups. Methods. Using recent national data on 5 child (infant mortality, health status, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary adolescents) and 6 adult (life expectancy, health status, activity limitation, heart disease, diabetes, obesity) health indicators, we examined indicator rates across multiple income or education categories, overall and within racial/ethnic groups. Results. Those with the lowest income and who were least educated were consistently least healthy, but for most indicators, even groups with intermediate income and education levels were less healthy than the wealthiest and most educated. Gradient patterns were seen often among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites but less consistently among Hispanics. Conclusions. Health in the United States is often, though not invariably, patterned strongly along both socioeconomic and racial/ethnic lines, suggesting links between hierarchies of social advantage and health. Worse health among the most socially disadvantaged argues for policies prioritizing those groups, but pervasive gradient patterns also indicate a need to address a wider socioeconomic spectrum—which may help garner political support. Routine health reporting should examine socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparity patterns, jointly and separately.

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Authors: Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D. R., & Pamuk, E.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Braveman, Paula A.
Cubbin, Catherine
Egerter, Susan
Williams, David R.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2010-04
Volume: 100
Issue: S1
Pages: S186-S196
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.166082
PMC: PMC2837459
OpenAlex: W2138696311
Cited by: 1,548
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 59.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: socioeconomic inequalities in health, income, educational attainment, racial and ethnic disparities, health gradient, infant mortality, life expectancy, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary behavior, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, child health, social determinants of health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class, United States, Health Behavior, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities, Young Adult

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Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us

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