US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations

Williams, David R.; Collins, Chiquita

doi:10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002025

Cited by 1,718Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesGender, Health, and Social Inequality

US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations

Williams, David R., Collins, Chiquita·1995·Annual Review of Sociology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002025

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Abstract

This chapter reviews recent studies of socioeconomic status (SES) and racial differences in health. It traces patterns of the social distribution of disease over time and describes the evidence for both a widening SES differential in health status and an increasing racial gap in health between blacks and whites due, in part, to the worsening health status of the African American population. We also describe variations in health status within and between other racial populations. The interactions between SES and race are examined, and we explore the link between health inequalities and socioeconomic inequality both by examining the nature of the SES gradient and by identifying the determinants of the magnitude of SES disparities over time. We consider the ways in which major social structures and processes such as racism, acculturation, work, migration, and childhood SES produce inequalities in health. We also attend to the ways in which other intervening factors and resources are constrained by social structure. Measurement issues are addressed, and implications for health policy and future research are described.

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Such changes may be one factor in the well documented racial and ethnic disparities in health.
“Such changes may be one factor in the well documented racial and ethnic disparities in health (49) and deserve further investigation.”
From Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. (2003) · cites this paper as [49]

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Authors: Williams, D. R., & Collins, C.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Williams, David R.
Venue: Annual Review of Sociology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1995-08
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 349-386
ISSN: 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
1545-2115
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002025
OpenAlex: W2101735548
Cited by: 1,718
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 72
FWCI: 25.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Sociology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Keywords: socioeconomic status, racial disparities in health, health disparities, African American health, racism, acculturation, work and health, migration, childhood socioeconomic status, social structure, health policy

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US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations

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