Water Fluoridation and the Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Dental Caries in Australian Children
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Objectives. We examined demographic and socioeconomic differences in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), its association with dental caries in children, and whether exposure to water fluoridation modifies this association. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, we used a stratified, clustered sampling design to obtain information on 16 508 children aged 5 to 16 years enrolled in Australian school dental services in 2002 to 2005. Dental staff assessed dental caries, and parents completed a questionnaire about their child’s residential history, sources of drinking water, toothbrushing frequency, socioeconomic status (SES), and SSB consumption. Results. Children who brushed their teeth less often and were older, male, of low SES, from rural or remote areas consumed significantly more SSBs. Caries was significantly associated with greater SSB consumption after controlling for potential confounders. Finally, greater exposure to fluoridated water significantly reduced the association between children’s SSB consumption and dental caries. Conclusions. Consumption of SSBs should be considered a major risk factor for dental caries. However, increased exposure to fluoridated public water helped ameliorate the association between SSB consumption and dental decay. These results reconfirm the benefits of community water fluoridation for oral health.
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The vast majority of cross-sectional studies found evidence for a positive association between SSB consumption and dental caries.
“The vast majority of cross-sectional studies found evidence for a positive association between SSB consumption and dental caries [67, 69–82].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
The majority of studies examining SSB intake and dental caries are cross-sectional, with several longitudinal studies and one intervention study.
“While the majority of studies examining SSB intake and dental caries are cross-sectional [67–82], there have been several longitudinal studies [83–88] and one intervention study [89].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
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- Authors
- Armfield, J. M., Spencer, A. J., Roberts-Thomson, K. F., & Plastow, K.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Jason M. Armfield, A. John Spencer, Kaye F. Roberts-Thomson, and Katrina Plastow are with the Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 494-500
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC3673496
- OpenAlex
- W2158277522
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 16.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- water fluoridation, sugar-sweetened beverages, dental caries, children, socioeconomic status, toothbrushing frequency, oral health, school dental care
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Beverages, Carbonated Beverages, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dental Caries, Female, Fluoridation, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Dietary Sucrose
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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