The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Structural Racism, Historical Redlining, and Risk of Preterm Birth in New York City, 2013–2017
Abstract
Objectives. To assess if historical redlining, the US government’s 1930s racially discriminatory grading of neighborhoods’ mortgage credit-worthiness, implemented via the federally sponsored Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) color-coded maps, is associated with contemporary risk of preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation). Methods. We analyzed 2013–2017 birth certificate data for all singleton births in New York City (n = 528 096) linked by maternal residence at time of birth to (1) HOLC grade and (2) current census tract social characteristics. Results. The proportion of preterm births ranged from 5.0% in grade A (“best”—green) to 7.3% in grade D (“hazardous”—red). The odds ratio for HOLC grade D versus A equaled 1.6 and remained significant (1.2; P < .05) in multilevel models adjusted for maternal sociodemographic characteristics and current census tract poverty, but was 1.07 (95% confidence interval = 0.92, 1.20) after adjustment for current census tract racialized economic segregation. Conclusions. Historical redlining may be a structural determinant of present-day risk of preterm birth. Public Health Implications. Policies for fair housing, economic development, and health equity should consider historical redlining’s impacts on present-day residential segregation and health outcomes.
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“Beginning in the 1930s, the Federal Homeowners Loan Corporation (HOLC) created 'residential security maps' of U.S. Cities, color-coding neighborhoods to indicate their perceived mortgage lending risk.20,21”
From Environmental roots of neonatal health: how social and structural exposures shape early-life outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Neighborhoods with a high proportion of Black, Immigrant, and working-class residents were outlined in red and deemed 'hazardous,' effectively choking off investment.20,21”
From Environmental roots of neonatal health: how social and structural exposures shape early-life outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
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“These historically redlined neighborhoods now bear a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards, with measurable consequences for neonatal health.20,22,23”
From Environmental roots of neonatal health: how social and structural exposures shape early-life outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
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Cites
Mediation Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide
VanderWeele, T. J. (2016) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402 · Cited by 1,985
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The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia
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Cited by
Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities
Locke, D. H., Hall, B., Grove, J. M., Pickett, S. T. A., Ogden, L. A., Aoki, C., Boone, C. G., & O’Neil-Dunne, J. P. M. (2021) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00022-0 · Cited by 338
Poverty, racism, and the public health crisis in America
Beech, B. M., Ford, C., Thorpe, R. J., Bruce, M. A., & Norris, K. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.699049 · Cited by 220
Historical redlining and cardiovascular health: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Mujahid, M. S., Gao, X., Tabb, L. P., Morris, C., & Lewis, T. T. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2110986118 · Cited by 161
The Built Environment and Pediatric Health
Bole, A., Bernstein, A., White, M. J., COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE, Bole, A., Balk, S. J., Byron, L. G., Huerta-Montañez, G. M., Landrigan, P. J., Marcus, S. M., et al. (2024) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-064773 · Cited by 29
Nawaz, K., Babata, K., Scheid, L., Bitar, L., Ortiz, N. V., Kota, S., & Chalak, L. F. (2026) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-026-05139-5 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Krieger, N., Van Wye, G., Huynh, M., Waterman, P. D., Maduro, G., Li, W., Gwynn, R. C., Barbot, O., & Bassett, M. T.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1046-1053
- ISSN
- 0090-0036
- 1541-0048
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 4
- Language
- en
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