Cited by 737HIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsHIV, Drug Use, Sexual RiskAdolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health

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HIV risk behavior reduction following intervention with key opinion leaders of population: an experimental analysis.

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Kelly, J A, St Lawrence, J S, Diaz, Y E, Stevenson, L Y, Hauth, A C, Brasfield, T L, Kalichman, S C, Smith, J E, Andrew, M E·1991·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.81.2.168PMC PMC1404968

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Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE. Peer norms influence the adoption of behavior changes to reduce risk for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. By experimentally intervening at a community level to modify risk behavior norms, it may be possible to promote generalized reductions in HIV risk practices within a population. METHODS. We trained persons reliably identified as popular opinion leaders among gay men in a small city to serve as behavior change endorsers to their peers. The opinion leaders acquired social skills for making these endorsements and complied in talking frequently with friends and acquaintances. Before and after intervention, we conducted surveys of men patronizing gay clubs in the intervention city and in two matched comparison cities. RESULTS. In the intervention city, the proportion of men who engaged in any unprotected anal intercourse in a two-month period decreased from 36.9 percent to 27.5 percent (-25 percent from baseline), with a reduction from 27.1 percent to 19.0 percent (-30 percent from baseline) for unprotected receptive anal intercourse. Relative to baseline levels, there was a 16 percent increase in condom use during anal intercourse and an 18 percent decrease in the proportion of men with more than one sexual partner. Little or no change was observed among men in the comparison cities over the same period of time. CONCLUSIONS. Interventions that employ peer leaders to endorse change may produce or accelerate population behavior changes to lessen risk for HIV infection.

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Psychological factors that predict AIDS high-risk versus AIDS precautionary behavior.
Kelly, J. A., Lawrence, J. S. S., Brasfield, T. L., Lemke, A., Amidei, T., Roffman, R. E., Hood, H. V., Smith, J. E., Kilgore, H., & McNeill, C. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.58.1.117 · Cited by 183
Self-citation
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Self-citation
An objective test of AIDS risk behavior knowledge: Scale development, validation, and norms
Kelly, J. A., Lawrence, J. S. S., Hood, H. V., & Brasfield, T. L. (1989) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(89)90027-x · Cited by 135
Self-citation
AIDS risk behavior patterns among gay men in small southern cities.
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Self-citation
Differences in gay men's AIDS risk knowledge and behavior patterns in high and low AIDS prevalence cities.
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“Among the first U.S. demographic groups in which HIV emerged, MSM responded to early interventions that encouraged condom use for anal intercourse (Kelly et al., 1991, 1997; Miller, 1995; Valdiserri et al., 1989).”
Background
A new HIV prevention network approach: Sociometric peer change agent selection
Schneider, J. A., Zhou, A., & Laumann, E. O. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.034 · Cited by 90
“Selection of change agents based on network position: the opinion leader In the context of HIV prevention, the most common approach to selecting change agents based upon network theory is the popular opinion leader model (POL) (Kelly et al., 1991).”
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“The C-POL approach has been extensively utilized and studied in HIV prevention both domestically and internationally (Amirkhanian et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2008; Kelly et al., 1991; Kelly et al., 1997; Kelly et al., 2006; McQuiston & Uribe, 2001; NIMH Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial Group, 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
We think you agree: The detrimental impact of the false consensus effect on behavior
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“Many researchers have suggested that intervention programs would be more successful if they focused on changing normative misperceptions ( Kelly et al., 1991, 1992; Sherman et al., 1983).”
Background
Community-level interventions are needed to prevent new HIV infections.
Kelly, J. A. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.3.299 · Cited by 89
Self-citation
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“Background: HIV prevalence remains high among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States, yet the majority of research has focused on MSM as individuals, not as dyads, and has discussed HIV risks primarily in the context of casual sex.”
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Social Science and Health Research: Growth at the National Institutes of Health
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(2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.11.1295 · Cited by 81
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“The larger trial intervention was designed to influence changes in HIV risk behaviour by using public opinion leaders to disseminate HIV prevention messages in the community (Kelly et al. 1991).”
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“Kelly and others (1991; 1992; 1997) demonstrated the efficacy of opinion leadership in face-to-face social interaction to spread safe sex practices.”
Background
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Lorimer, K., Kidd, L., Lawrence, M., McPherson, K. E., Cayless, S., & Cornish, F. (2012) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.699672 · Cited by 74
“Indeed, Kelly’s early 1990s Popular Opinion Leader model (Kelly et al., 1991) was adapted for African-American MSM in 2003 and is now offered by the CDC as an evidencebased intervention, which suggests that adapting an intervention can be successful for other populations.”
MethodInfluential
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“In the field of HIV prevention, community opinion leaders’ models of behavior change have been successful in reducing risk behaviors in many but not all studies (Elford, Bolding, & Sherr, 2004; Kelly et al., 1991; Sikkema et al, 2005).”
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“Social network interventions, such as the popular opinion leader model (Kelly et al., 1991), and the Mpowerment Project (Kegeles, Hays, & Coates, 1996) attempt to modify the behaviors and norms of individuals within broader networks of peers or acquaintances.”
Background
Peer education has no significant impact on HIV risk behaviours among gay men in London
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“One interpretation is that popular members of a group set norms for behavior in a social setting (Kelly et al., 1991; Latkin, 1998) which others will follow.”
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“…(e.g., appeals that peer group members have low HIV-risk behavior) for college students (Reeder, Pryor, & Harsh, 1997) or men who have sex with men (Kelly et al., 1991; Kelly, McAuliffe, et al., 1997; Kelly, Murphy, et al., 1997) as well as interventions to convince a variety of higher risk…”
Background
Homeless Youth: Drug Use Patterns and HIV Risk Profiles According to Peer Group Affiliation
Kipke, M. D., Montgomery, S., Simon, T. R., Unger, J. B., & Johnson, C. J. (1997) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1026279402791 · Cited by 68
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Effect of Sex Education Programme on at-risk sexual behaviour of school-going adolescents in Ilorin, Nigeria.
Esere, M. O. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 68
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Differences in influence patterns between groups predicting the adoption of a solar disinfection technology for drinking water in Bolivia
Moser, S., & Mosler, H. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.04.002 · Cited by 67
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“Social network oriented interventions have been effective for preventing HIV-related risk behaviors [25, 26], and for increasing HIV counseling and testing and the likelihood of identifying newly infected cases [27].”
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Satellite exchange in the Baltimore Needle Exchange Program.
Valente, T. W., Foreman, R. K., Junge, B., & Vlahov, D. (1998) · PubMed Central · Cited by 66
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“The Promise of Community-Based Advocacy and Education Efforts for Increasing Cancer Clinical Trials Accrual”
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Community-Based Interventions in a System of Care and Outcomes Framework
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“It is not known if these men engaged in UAI during incarceration.”
BackgroundInfluential
Precarious Partnerships: Designing a Community Needs Assessment to Develop a System of Care for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning (GLBTQ) Youths
Craig, S. L. (2011) · Journal of Community Practice · doi:10.1080/10705422.2011.595301 · Cited by 62
“Such qualita tive methods are often utilized in prevention research (Patton, 1987, 2002) and are consistent with types of recommended evaluation research into programs that serve GLBT individuals (Kelly et al., 1991).”
Method
A journey to HIV prevention research: From social psychology to social health via multidisciplinarity
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Self-citation
Methodological overview of a five-country community-level HIV/sexually transmitted disease prevention trial
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“Kelly and colleagues [4,5], St Lawrence et al.”
Background
Secondary Syringe Exchange Among Injection Drug Users
Snead, J. (2003) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jurban/jtg035 · Cited by 62
“The work of Latkin(63) and colleagues has focused on recruiting IDUs recognized as popular opinion leaders likely to be influential to act as peer educators, based on the research of Kelly and colleagues.(64,65) Many researchers have said that future efforts should involve IDUs as more active collaborators.”
Background
The Gay Men's Task Force: the impact of peer education on the sexual health behaviour of homosexual men in Glasgow
McDaid, L. M. (2001) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.77.6.427 · Cited by 62
A behavioral‐ecological model of adolescent sexual development: A template for aids prevention
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Social Diffusion of Campaign Effects
Hwang, Y. (2010) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210389029 · Cited by 61
“The strategic use of opinion leaders as behavior change endorsers employed by campaign practitioners and researchers (e.g., Kelly, 2004; Kelly et al., 1991, 1992) is worthwhile to note in this sense.”
Background
Psychosocial Correlates of Unprotected Sex Without Disclosure of HIV-Positivity among African-American, Latino, and White Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women
Mutchler, M. G., Bogart, L. M., Elliott, M. N., McKay, T., Suttorp, M. J., & Schuster, M. A. (2008) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9363-8 · Cited by 60
“Our study was, to our knowledge, one of the first to recruit a sample of African-American, Latino, and White MSMW living with HIV, as well as to compare the sexual behaviors and correlates of sexual risk among these three groups directly.”
Influential
Predicting Intentions to Use a Condom From Perceptions of Normative Pressure and Confidence in Those Perceptions1
Trafimow, D. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb02377.x · Cited by 60
An HIV intervention tailored for black young men who have sex with men in the House Ball Community
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Multilevel meta network analysis with application to studying network dynamics of network interventions
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“In addition, unlike previous network interventions (e.g., Kelly et al., 1991; Latkin, 1998; Campbell et al., 2008), this study includes a random intervention.”
Method
Adapting the Popular Opinion Leader Intervention for Latino Young Migrant Men Who Have Sex With Men
Somerville, G. G., Diaz, S. D., Davis, S., Coleman, K. D., & Taveras, S. (2006) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2006.18.supp.137 · Cited by 59
“For example, the YLP project started by gathering information on the preferences of the target population (Kelly et al., 1991).”
Project Stronger Together: Protocol to Test a Dyadic Intervention to Improve Engagement in HIV Care Among Sero-Discordant Male Couples in Three US Cities
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“Historically, HIV prevention efforts have focused on reducing the number of casual sex partners [10], indirectly messaging that primary partnerships pose reduced risk of HIV and conveying a misplaced sense of protection associated with primary partners [11,12].”
A Dynamic Model of Adolescent Friendship Networks, Parental Influences, and Smoking
Lakon, C. M., Wang, C., Butts, C. T., Jose, R., Timberlake, D. S., & Hipp, J. R. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0187-7 · Cited by 57
“Popular individuals are thought to set normative trends in their environments (Kelly et al. 1991); thus, it is likely that smoking was normative in this population.”
Social Branding to Decrease Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Young Adult Smoking
Fallin‐Bennett, A., Neilands, T. B., Jordan, J. W., & Ling, P. M. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu265 · Cited by 57
Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to condom use and STDs in a high risk population
Geringer, W. M., Marks, S. M., Allen, W. J., & Armstrong, K. A. (1993) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499309551681 · Cited by 57
PowerON: The use of instant message counseling and the Internet to facilitate HIV/STD education and prevention
Moskowitz, D., Melton, D., & Owczarzak, J. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.01.002 · Cited by 56
“Active participant engagement, such as through group interactive sessions [15], one-on-one counseling [16], and peer leadership [17] usually results in the most significant decreases in risk behavior.”
Background
Diffusion of a Peer-Led Suicide Preventive Intervention Through School-Based Student Peer and Adult Networks
Pickering, T. A., Wyman, P. A., Schmeelk‐Cone, K., Hartley, C. M., Valente, T. W., Pisani, A. R., Rulison, K. L., Brown, C. H., & LoMurray, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00598 · Cited by 61
Modeling and Reinforcement to Combat HIV: The MARCH Approach to Behavior Change
Galavotti, C., Pappas–DeLuca, K. A., & Lansky, A. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.10.1602 · Cited by 56
Enhancing social diffusion theory as a basis for prevention intervention: A conceptual and strategic framework
Winett, R. A., Anderson, E. S., Desiderato, L. L., Solomon, L. J., Perry, M. J., Kelly, J. A., Sikkema, K. J., Roffman, R. A., Norman, A. D., Lombard, D. N., et al. (1995) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80025-3 · Cited by 56
Self-citation
Examining HIV-related Knowledge Among Adults in the U.S.
LeBlanc, A. J. (1993) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137302 · Cited by 56
A music-based HIV prevention intervention for urban adolescents.
Lemieux, A. F., Fisher, J. D., & Felicia Pratto, B. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.349 · Cited by 54
FAVITES: simultaneous simulation of transmission networks, phylogenetic trees and sequences
Moshiri, N., Ragonnet‐Cronin, M., Wertheim, J. O., & Mirarab, S. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty921 · Cited by 54
“Behavioral intervention could in principle also impact degree distribution, another factor that we vary, but the extent of the eﬀectiveness of behavioral interventions is unclear (Kelly et al. , 1991).”
Background
Social Network Interventions for HIV Transmission Elimination
Pagkas-Bather, J., Young, L. E., Chen, Y., & Schneider, J. A. (2020) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-020-00524-z · Cited by 53
Popular Opinion Leader Intervention for HIV Stigma Reduction in Health Care Settings
Li, L., Guan, J., Liang, L.-J. F., Lin, C., & Wu, Z. (2013) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2013.25.4.327 · Cited by 74
Effects of HIV-Prevention Interventions for Samples with Higher and Lower Percents of Latinos and Latin Americans: A Meta-Analysis of Change in Condom Use and Knowledge
Albarracín, J., Albarracín, D., & Durantini, M. R. (2007) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9209-8 · Cited by 53
Understanding the Influence of Loneliness on HIV Risk Behavior in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men
Hubach, R. D., DiStefano, A. S., & Wood, M. M. (2012) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2012.721676 · Cited by 52
“…targeting YMSM incorporate key members within social networks to diffuse health information and set safer sex norms (Kegeles et al., 1996; Kelly et al., 1991; Wilton et al., 2009), these interventions do not take into consideration the potential influence of loneliness on HIV risk…”
BackgroundResult
A social network-based intervention stimulating peer influence on children's self-reported water consumption: A randomized control trial
Smit, C. R., de Leeuw, R. N. H., Bevelander, K. E., Burk, W. J., & Buijzen, M. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.011 · Cited by 52
Gender gaps, gender traps: sexual identity and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among women in Vietnam
Go, V. F.-L., Quan, V. M., Chung, A., Zenilman, J. M., Hanh, V. T. M., & Celentano, D. D. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00181-2 · Cited by 52
Consistent condom use in the heterosexual relationships of young adults who live in a high-HIV-risk neighbourhood and do not use "hard drugs"
Friedman, S. R., Flom, P. L., Kottiri, B. J., Neaigus, A., Sandoval, M., Curtis, R., Jarlais, D. C. D., & Zenilman, J. M. (2001) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120120043937 · Cited by 52
“Peer norms, for example, in uence sexual behaviours, including condom use, and changing these norms can change the extent of condom use (DiClemente, 1991; 1992; Friedman et al., 1994; 1999a; Kelly et al., 1991; 1992; Leland & Barth, 1992; Pendergast et al., 1992).”
Background
Differences in HIV Risk Characteristics Between Bisexual and Exclusively Gay Men
Heckman, T. G., Kelly, J. A., Sikkema, K. J., Roffman, R. A., Solomon, L. J., Winett, R. A., Stevenson, L., Perry, M. J., Norman, A. D., & Desiderato, L. L. (1995) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.1995.7.6.504 · Cited by 52
Self-citation
A cross-sectional study of HIV and syphilis infections among male students who have sex with men (MSM) in northeast China: implications for implementing HIV screening and intervention programs
Xu, J., Reilly, K. H., Lu, C.-M., Ma, N., Zhang, M., Chu, Z., Wang, J., Yun, K., & Shang, H. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-287 · Cited by 53
“Peer education has been demonstrated to be an effective means of reaching both MSM and student populations to promote healthy behaviours, which may be used to reduce their risk of HIV infection [28-31].”
Background
“It’s Cool to Care about Sexual Violence”
Piccigallo, J. R., Lilley, T. G., & Miller, S. L. (2012) · Men and Masculinities · doi:10.1177/1097184x12458590 · Cited by 51
“…that peer education has a self-reinforcing effect on the educators in that they tend to absorb and commit to the messages that they deliver in the prevention programs (Kelly et al.1991; National Hemophilia Foundation 1994; O’Hara et al. 1996; Rickert, Jay, and Gottlieb 1991; Slap et al. 1991).”
Background
Network dynamics of HIV risk and prevention in a population-based cohort of young Black men who have sex with men
Schneider, J. A., Cornwell, B. T., Jonas, A. B., Lancki, N., Behler, R. L., Skaathun, B., Young, L. E., Morgan, E., Michaels, S., Duvoisin, R., et al. (2017) · Network Science · doi:10.1017/nws.2016.27 · Cited by 51
“These findings have important implications for interventions that aim to leverage network members to enact behavioral change (Kelly et al., 1991; Kohler et al., 2007; Schneider et al., 2015; Valente, 2010, 2012).”
Background
Development of an Opinion Leader-Led HIV Prevention Intervention Among Alcohol Users in Chennai, India
Sivaram, S., Srikrishnan, A. K., Latkin, C. A., Johnson, S. C., Go, V. F.-L., Bentley, M. E., Solomon, S., & Celentano, D. D. (2004) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.16.2.137.29393 · Cited by 51
The Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior to Prevention Science in Counseling Psychology
Romano, J. L., & Netland, J. D. (2007) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000007301670 · Cited by 51
“…communication that emphasizes cognitive processes that mediate behavioral change; the trans-theoretical model (TTM; Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992) is a stage theory of change; and diffusion theory (Kelly et al., 1991) emphasizes group leader behaviors to transform group behavior.”
Background
Relational frame theory: A new paradigm for the analysis of social behavior
Roche, B. T., Barnes‐Holmes, Y., Barnes‐Holmes, D., Stewart, I., & O’Hora, D. P. (2002) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392046 · Cited by 51
“Indeed, this conclusion has been supported by intervention studies that have found that the safesex practices employed by eminent members of social groups were eventually emulated by members of those groups (Kelly et al., 1991, 1992; Wulfert & Biglan, 1994).”
Background
Ecology, Community, and AIDS Prevention
Hobfoll, S. E. (1998) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1021838325362 · Cited by 50
A Method for Evaluating the Economic Efficiency of HIV Behavioral Risk Reduction Interventions
Pinkerton, S. D., & Holtgräve, D. R. (1998) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1022133716954 · Cited by 50
keyplayer: An R Package for Locating Key Players in Social Networks
An, W., & Liu, Y.-H. (2016) · The R Journal · doi:10.32614/rj-2016-018 · Cited by 49
“For example, Kelly et al. (1991) and Latkin (1998) trained peer leaders as educators to promote HIV prevention.”
Background
Prevalence, patterns, and correlates of spit tobacco use in a college athlete population
Walsh, M. M., Hilton, J. F., Ernster, V. L., Masouredis, C. M., & Grady, D. G. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90064-7 · Cited by 49
Sexual health risk reduction interventions for people with severe mental illness: a systematic review
Pandor, A., Kaltenthaler, E., Higgins, A., Lorimer, K., Smith, S. M., Wylie, K. R., & Wong, R. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1448-4 · Cited by 47
“It remains important to note that new interventions have been developed from those conducted in the prehighly active antiretroviral era (HAART), and are rated as ‘best evidence’ by the CDC, such as Kelly’s ‘Popular Opinion Leader’ intervention adapted for AfricanAmerican men who have sex with men [51].”
Background
Context, Culture, and Collaboration in AIDS Interventions: Ecological Ideas for Enhancing Community Impact
Trickett, E. J. (2002) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1023/a:1019964215050 · Cited by 48
Social networks, normative influence and health delivery in rural Bangladesh
Gayen, K., & Raeside, R. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.037 · Cited by 46
Peer-led HIV prevention among gay men in London: Process evaluation
Elford, J., Sherr, L., Bolding, G., Serle, F., & Maguire, M. (2002) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120220123739 · Cited by 48
“The intervention closely followed the model developed by Kelly and colleagues in the USA (Kelly et al., 1991; 1992; 1997).”
BackgroundMethodResult
Targeted HIV-Prevention Programs
Jarlais, D. C. D., PADIAN, N. S., & Winkelstein, W. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199411243312112 · Cited by 48
Interventions for Adolescents in Community Settings
Jemmott, J. B., & Jemmott, L. S. (1994) · AIDS prevention and mental health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1193-3_8 · Cited by 48
Incongruous stimulus pairing and conditional discrimination training: effects on relational responding.
Roche, B., Barnes, D., & Smeets, P. M. (1997) · Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1997.68-143 · Cited by 52
Peer sexual health education
Sriranganathan, G., Jaworsky, D., Larkin, J., Flicker, S., Campbell, L. A., Flynn, S., Janssen, J., & Erlich, L. (2010) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896910386266 · Cited by 46
A Social Network Approach to Demonstrate the Diffusion and Change Process of Intervention From Peer Health Advocates to the Drug Using Community
Li, J., Weeks, M. R., Borgatti, S. P., Clair, S., & Dickson‐Gómez, J. (2012) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.644097 · Cited by 46
“While some peer intervention models emphasize careful selection of peer opinion leaders (Kelly et al., 1991; Kelly et al., 1992; Kelly et al., 1997), others leave open the opportunity to become a peer interventionist to any member of the target population who is willing and has the potential to…”

Authors: Kelly, J. A., St Lawrence, J. S., Diaz, Y. E., Stevenson, L. Y., Hauth, A. C., Brasfield, T. L., Kalichman, S. C., Smith, J. E., & Andrew, M. E.
Affiliations: University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Kelly, J A
Kalichman, S C
Smith, J E
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 1991-02
Volume: 81
Issue: 2
Pages: 168-171
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.81.2.168
PMC: PMC1404968
OpenAlex: W2012749243
Cited by: 736
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 19.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh042908-11)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 42908)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
Keywords: HIV risk behavior, peer leaders, opinion leaders, gay men, unprotected anal intercourse, condom use, sexual partners, peer norms, community-based intervention, HIV prevention, gay clubs
MeSH terms: Community Participation, Health Education, Homosexuality, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Sexual Behavior, HIV Infections

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HIV risk behavior reduction following intervention with key opinion leaders of population: an experimental analysis.

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