Cited by 660Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesYouth, Drugs, and ViolenceSchool Health and Nursing Education

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How effective is drug abuse resistance education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations

Ennett, S T, Tobler, N S, Ringwalt, C L, Flewelling, R L·1994·American Journal of Public Health

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES. Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) is the most widely used school-based drug use prevention program in the United States, but the findings of rigorous evaluations of its effectiveness have not been considered collectively. METHODS. We used meta-analytic techniques to review eight methodologically rigorous DARE evaluations. Weighted effect size means for several short-term outcomes also were compared with means reported for other drug use prevention programs. RESULTS. The DARE effect size for drug use behavior ranged from .00 to .11 across the eight studies; the weighted mean for drug use across studies was .06. For all outcomes considered, the DARE effect size means were substantially smaller than those of programs emphasizing social and general competencies and using interactive teaching strategies. CONCLUSIONS. DARE's short-term effectiveness for reducing or preventing drug use behavior is small and is less than for interactive prevention programs.

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Authors: Ennett, S. T., Tobler, N. S., Ringwalt, C. L., & Flewelling, R. L.
Affiliations: RTI International (US)
ORCID: Ennett, S T
Ringwalt, C L
Flewelling, R L
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 1994-09
Volume: 84
Issue: 9
Pages: 1394-1401
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.84.9.1394
OpenAlex: W2146631127
Cited by: 655
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 4.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
U.S. Department of Justice
National Institutes of Health (5r01da007037-05)
Office of Justice Programs
National Institute on Drug Abuse (5 R01 DA07037)
National Institute of Justice
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
Keywords: Drug Abuse Resistance Education, school-based drug prevention programs, substance use prevention, program effectiveness, interactive teaching methods
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Curriculum, Health Education, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Self Concept, United States, Program Evaluation, Substance-Related Disorders

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How effective is drug abuse resistance education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations

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