The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bias in Mental Health Assessment and Intervention: Theory and Evidence
Open accessAbstract
A recent surgeon general’s report and various studies document racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care, including gaps in access, questionable diagnostic practices, and limited provision of optimum treatments. Bias is a little studied but viable explanation for these disparities. It is important to isolate bias from other barriers to high-quality mental health care and to understand bias at several levels (practitioner, practice network or program, and community). More research is needed that directly evaluates the contribution of particular forms of bias to disparities in the area of mental health care.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Garfield, S. L., Bergin, A. E., & Dryden, W. (1987) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.1.4.264a · Cited by 3,997
Satcher, D. S. (2001) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/jela-ckxw · Cited by 2,004
The quality of care for depressive and anxiety disorders in the United States
Young, A. S., Klap, R., Sherbourne, C. D., & Wells, K. B. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.55 · Cited by 1,061
Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L.-T., & Takeuchi, D. T. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.4.533 · Cited by 970
Fiscella, K., Franks, P., Doescher, M. P., & Saver, B. G. (2002) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200201000-00007 · Cited by 906
In search of cultural competence in psychotherapy and counseling.
Sue, S. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.53.4.440 · Cited by 807
Ethnic Disparities in Unmet Need for Alcoholism, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Care
Wells, K., Klap, R., Koike, A., & Sherbourne, C. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2027 · Cited by 773
Wang, P. S., Berglund, P., & Kessler, R. C. (2000) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.9908044.x · Cited by 686
(1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 674
Barriers to Providing Effective Mental Health Services to Asian Americans
Leong, F. T. L., & Lau, A. S. L. (2001) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/a:1013177014788 · Cited by 652
Cited by
Mental health treatment seeking among older adults with depression: The impact of stigma and race
Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Koeske, G., Rosen, D., Reynolds, C. F., & Brown, C. (2010) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181cc0366 · Cited by 568
“This history has created fear and mistrust among racial and ethnic minorities and in particular racial and ethnic minority elders (DHHS, 1999, 2001; Snowden, 2003).”
BackgroundStigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care
Thornicroft, G. (2008) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002621 · Cited by 432
Illuminating the dark spaces of healthcare with ambient intelligence
Haque, A., Milstein, A., & Fei-Fei, L. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2669-y · Cited by 274
Artificial Intelligence in mental health and the biases of language based models
Straw, I., & Callison-Burch, C. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240376 · Cited by 164
Carpenter-Song, E., Chu, E., Drake, R. E., Ritsema, M., Smith, B., & Alverson, H. (2010) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461510368906 · Cited by 159
Metadata
- Authors
- Snowden, L. R.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 239-243
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2146039150
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 48
- FWCI
- 17.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Bias in Mental Health Assessment and Intervention: Theory and Evidence. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2105/ajph.93.2.239
- The paper
- Snowden, L. R. (2003). Bias in Mental Health Assessment and Intervention: Theory and Evidence. American Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.2.239
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
