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Direct measurement of resultant forces in the anterior cruciate ligament. An in vitro study performed with a new experimental technique.
Abstract
A new technique was used to measure the resultant forces in the anterior cruciate ligament during a series of loading experiments on seventeen fresh-frozen cadaver specimens. The base of the ligament's tibial attachment was mechanically isolated with a coring cutter, and a specially designed load-transducer was fixed to the bone-plug that contained the ligament's tibial insertion so that the resultant forces were directly measured by the load-cell. Although the magnitudes of values for forces varied considerably between specimens for a given test condition, the patterns of loading with respect to direction of loading and the angle of flexion of the knee were remarkably consistent. Passive extension of the knee generated forces in the ligament only during the last 10 degrees of extension; at 5 degrees of hyperextension, the forces ranged from fifty to 240 newtons (mean, 118 newtons). When a 200-newton pull of the quadriceps tendon was applied to extend a knee slowly against tibial resistance, however, the force in the ligament increased at all angles of flexion of the knee. Internal tibial torque always generated greater forces in the ligament than did external tibial torque; higher forces were recorded as the knee was extended. The greatest forces (133 to 370 newtons) were generated when ten newton-meters of internal tibial torque was applied to a hyperextended knee. Fifteen newton-meters of applied varus moment generated forces of ninety-four to 177 newtons at full extension; fifteen newton-meters of applied valgus moment generated a mean force of fifty-six newtons, which remained unchanged with flexion of the knee. The force during straight anterior translation of the tibia was approximately equal to the anterior force applied to the tibia. The application of 925 newtons of tibiofemoral contact force reduced the mean force in the ligament that was generated by 200 newtons of anterior pull on the tibia by 36 per cent at full extension and 46 per cent at 20 degrees of flexion.
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“This approach is limited to ex vivo applications.”
In the citing paper
“investigators have proposed a technique involving the isolation of the tibial attachment of the cruciate ligament by creating a bone plug and attaching a load sensor to measure the native ACL force in cadaveric knees [5, 6].”
In the citing paper
“studies demonstrated that passive flexion–extension motions do not load the ACL [5, 30]”
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Items 201–300 of 610
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Kuster, M. S., Wood, G. A., Sakurai, S., et al. (1994) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/bf01552646 · Cited by 50
Nakano, H., Yasuda, K., Tohyama, H., et al. (2000) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(99)00065-0 · Cited by 50
“[19] the in situ force of the ACL ranged 0±40 N during passive knee motion from 0 to 45° of ̄exion.”
BackgroundYang, M., Zhang, Z., Hahn, C., Laroche, G., King, M. W., & Guidoin, R. (1999) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(1999)48:1 · Cited by 43
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“Previous work has demonstrated, however, that strain measured in the AM bundle of the ACL is representative of that in the entire ligament.(3,4,19) Third, absolute ACL strain could not be measured, but rather relative strain was quantified and compared between conditions.”
BackgroundNagai, T., Sell, T. C., Abt, J. P., et al. (2012) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.11.004 · Cited by 49
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Estimation of bone-on-bone contact forces in the tibiofemoral joint during walking
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“Many studies therefore resort to modeling the joint mathematically and calculating the forces, [1–5] or simulating articular joint mechanisms in vitro and using sensors to measure the forces [6,7].”
Biomechanical Effects of Femoral Notchplasty in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Markolf, K. L., Hame, S. L., Hunter, D. M., et al. (2002) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465020300012701 · Cited by 48
Self-citationGoss, B. C., Hull, M. L., & Howell, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100150216 · Cited by 48
“5 Nm extension moment was applied to define a 0 ̊ knee-extension reference (19).”
MethodEffect of knee flexion on the in situ force distribution in the human anterior cruciate ligament
Xerogeanes, J. W., Takeda, Y., Livesay, G. A., et al. (1995) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/bf01553518 · Cited by 48
“These findings are supported by several past studies [24, 31, 32].”
ResultDos'santos, T., Thomas, C. M., McBurnie, A. J., Donelon, T., Herrington, L., & Jones, P. (2021) · Biomechanics · doi:10.3390/biomechanics1010007 · Cited by 47
Computer investigation of ACL orientation during passive range of motion
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“Porcine tendons (patellar and flexor tendons) have been widely used for biomechanical experiments and have similar properties to human tissue.(25,30,33,35,44,48) Bone blocks containing a natural bone-tendon junction (including digital flexor tendons, tibialis anterior and posterior tendons), together with talus and fi…”
BackgroundRoposch, A., Liu, L. Q., Offiah, A. C., & Wedge, J. H. (2011) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.j.01623 · Cited by 44
Navacchia, A., Ueno, R., Ford, K. R., DiCesare, C. A., Myer, G. D., & Hewett, T. E. (2019) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-019-02318-w · Cited by 42
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Mechanical functions of the three bundles consisting of the human anterior cruciate ligament
Fujie, H., Otsubo, H., FUKANO, S., Suzuki, T., Suzuki, D., Mae, T., & Shino, K. (2011) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-011-1513-1 · Cited by 43
Markolf, K. L., Park, S., Jackson, S. R., & McAllister, D. R. (2008) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.02.012 · Cited by 43
Self-citationAune, A. K., Cawley, P. W., & Ekeland, A. (1997) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659702500208 · Cited by 43
Hinckel, B. B., Demange, M. K., Gobbi, R. G., Pécora, J. R., & Camanho, G. L. (2016) · Orthopedics · doi:10.3928/01477447-20160421-02 · Cited by 40
Force Measurements in the Medial Meniscus Posterior Horn Attachment
Markolf, K. L., Jackson, S. R., & McAllister, D. R. (2011) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546511426100 · Cited by 42
“Recently, tears of the posterior horn attachment (PHA) of the medial meniscus to the tibial spine have been recognized as a distinct entity that produces radial extrusion of the meniscus and medial joint space narrowing with loss of articular cartilage.(5,8,11,13,15,18) Posterior horn tears of the lateral meniscus are…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEnglander, Z. A., Garrett, W. E. J., Spritzer, C. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2019) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109443 · Cited by 41
“In line with this hypothesis, a number of cadaver studies have demonstrated increased ACL strain with simulated quadriceps contraction (Arms et al., 1984; Berns et al., 1992; Dürselen et al., 1995; Markolf et al., 1990), in particular with the knee positioned at a low flexion angle (DeMorat et al.”
ResultClinically relevant anatomy and what anatomic reconstruction means
LaPrade, R. F., Moulton, S. G., Nitri, M., Mueller, W., & Engebretsen, L. (2015) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-015-3629-1 · Cited by 41
“Biomechanical studies have long reported the primary role of the ACL in resisting anterior tibial translation [2, 10, 26, 75, 87, 91].”
BackgroundCunningham, R., West, J. R., Greis, P. E., & Burks, R. T. (2002) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1053/jars.2002.36102 · Cited by 39
Good, L., & Gillquist, J. (1993) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0749-8063(05)80399-8 · Cited by 41
Impingement pressure and tension forces of the anterior cruciate ligament
Jagodzinski, M., Leis, A., Iselborn, K. W., et al. (2003) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-003-0352-0 · Cited by 40
Nye, D. D., Mitchell, W. R., Liu, W., et al. (2017) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2016.12.014 · Cited by 40
The effect of leg dominance and landing height on ACL loading among female athletes
Mokhtarzadeh, H., Ewing, K. A., Janssen, I., Yeow, C., Brown, N. A. T., & Lee, P. V. S. (2017) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.033 · Cited by 40
Méthodes d'exploration de la force musculaire: Une analyse critique
Croisier, J., & Crielaard, J.-M. (1999) · Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique · doi:10.1016/s0168-6054(99)80069-5 · Cited by 40
Neyret, P., Zuppi, G. N., & Selmi, T. A. S. (2000) · Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1060-1872(00)80027-1 · Cited by 40
Effects of decision making on landing mechanics as a function of task and sex
Mache, M. A., Hoffman, M. A., Hannigan, K., Golden, G. M., & Pavol, M. J. (2012) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.10.001 · Cited by 39
“Under decision-making versus preplanned conditions, individuals performed drop-jumps with lesser knee flexion and greater knee abduction at initial contact and greater peak knee abduction angles, postures thought to contribute to increased ACL loading (Hewett et al., 2005; Markolf et al., 1990), albeit, not all partic…”
BackgroundEagar, P., Hull, M. L., & Howell, S. M. (2003) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1016/j.orthres.2003.08.020 · Cited by 39
“If the initial tension is excessive, then the corresponding increase in graft tension could reach the failure load of the graft-fixation complex [27].”
BackgroundRoth, J. D., Howell, S. M., & Hull, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.24196 · Cited by 39
“, full extension).(21) Next the knee was moved to a flexion angle randomly selected from 0 ̊, 60 ̊, and 120 ̊ and then cycled five times between the prescribed loads for each degree of freedom in a random order(22); the prescribed loads for each degree of freedom were 3Nm for I-E,(8) 5Nm for V-V,(19) 45N for A-P,(23)…”
MethodKia, M., Schafer, K. A., Lipman, J. D., et al. (2016) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4032850 · Cited by 38
“In a study of 17 cadaver knees, Markolf et al. [20] reported average ACL forces of 42 6 10N at full extension.”
BackgroundKrólikowska, A., Sikorski, Ł., Czamara, A., & Reichert, P. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.912162 · Cited by 38
“A combination of valgus and rotational moments at the knee is commonly noted as a significant stressor on the ACL, and the addition of these forces to the coronal forces in a hyperextended knee can multiply the ligament tension [21,22].”
BackgroundModelling the loading mechanics of anterior cruciate ligament
Nasseri, A., Khataee, H., Bryant, A. L., et al. (2019) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105098 · Cited by 38
Simultaneous Rupture of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and the Patellar Tendon
Levakos, Y., Sherman, M. F., Shelbourne, K. D., et al. (1996) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659602400415 · Cited by 38
Eagar, P., Hull, M. L., & Howell, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00142-7 · Cited by 38
“5Nm (Markolf et al., 1990; Goss et al., 1998).”
BackgroundEffects of combined knee loadings on posterior cruciate ligament force generation
Markolf, K. L., Slauterbeck, J. L., Armstrong, K. L., Shapiro, M. M., & Finerman, G. A. M. (1996) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100140419 · Cited by 38
Self-citationBehrens, M., Mau‐Moeller, A., Wassermann, F., & Bruhn, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056988 · Cited by 37
“In a situation such as this, axial loading and forces due to muscle contraction could reduce rotation and translation compared to the passive condition [35,36].”
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Guimarães, T. M., Giglio, P. N., Sobrado, M. F., Bonadio, M. B., Gobbi, R. G., Pécora, J. R., & Helito, C. P. (2021) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671211056325 · Cited by 38
Biomechanical evaluation of press‐fit femoral fixation technique in ACL reconstruction
Pavlik, A., Hidas, P., Czigány, T., et al. (2003) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-003-0452-x · Cited by 37
Berns, G. S., & Howell, S. M. (1993) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659302100221 · Cited by 37
Jenkins, W. L., Williams, D. S. B., Williams, K., Hefner, J., & Welch, H. (2016) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.09.005 · Cited by 36
Piva, S. R., Childs, J. D., Klucinec, B., Irrgang, J. J., Almeida, G. J., & Fitzgerald, G. K. (2009) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2864 · Cited by 37
Koga, H., Muneta, T., Yagishita, K., Watanabe, T., Mochizuki, T., Horie, M., Nakamura, T., & Sekiya, I. (2013) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2693-7 · Cited by 35
“The knee flexion angle-graft tension curves obtained in this study closely resembled the tension curves directly measured in the entire normal ACL [25], as well as those of the reconstructed AMB and PLB in a cadaver study [30] and those of the 2 sutures which mimicked the reconstructed AMB and PLB during surgery [42].”
ResultMechanism of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Loading during Dynamic Motor Tasks
Nasseri, A., Lloyd, D. G., Bryant, A. L., et al. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002589 · Cited by 35
Ahmed, A. M., & McLean, C. (2002) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.1504100 · Cited by 35
Do ACL-injured Copers Exhibit Differences in Knee Kinematics?
Barrance, P. J., Williams, G. N., Snyder‐Mackler, L., et al. (2006) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/blo.0b013e31802bab0d · Cited by 35
Prediction of Muscle Recruitment and Its Effect on Joint Reaction Forces during Knee Exercises
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Review on tension in the natural and reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament
Andersen, H. N., & Amis, A. A. (1994) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/bf01845586 · Cited by 34
“[57], as they found a decrease of 46% of the ACL mean force at 20 ~ of knee flexion, when a 925 N tibiofemoral contact force was applied together with a 200 N anterior tibial force.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Measurement of Anterior Tibial Displacement in the Closed and Open Kinetic Chain
Jenkins, W. L., Munns, S. W., Jayaraman, G., et al. (1997) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1997.25.1.49 · Cited by 34
Lee, H.-J., Park, Y., & Kim, S. H. (2019) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.046 · Cited by 33
Relationship Between the Pivot Shift and Lachman Tests
Markolf, K. L., Jackson, S. R., & McAllister, D. R. (2010) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.i.00862 · Cited by 33
Self-citationMarkolf, K. L., Willems, M. J., Jackson, S. R., & Finerman, G. A. M. (1998) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100160410 · Cited by 32
Self-citationRittmeister, M., Noble, P. C., Bocell, J. R., et al. (2001) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s001670100212 · Cited by 32
Hermann, A., & Senner, V. (2020) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.009 · Cited by 31
Lengthening of anterior cruciate ligament graft
Jonsson, H., Elmqvist, L.-G., Kärrholm, J., et al. (1992) · Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/17453679209169714 · Cited by 31
The limits of passive motion are variable between and unrelated within normal tibiofemoral joints
Roth, J. D., Hull, M. L., & Howell, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.22926 · Cited by 30
“5Nm to define 0 ̊ flexion.(20) Next, the knee was moved to a flexion angle randomly selected from 0 ̊, 60 ̊, and 120 ̊ and then cycled five times between the prescribed loads for each degree of freedom in a random order(21); the prescribed loads for each degree of freedom were 3Nm for I-E(4), 5Nm for V-V,(9) 45N for A…”
BackgroundRECONSTRUCTION OF KNEES WITH COMBINED CRUCIATE DEFICIENCIES
Markolf, K. L., O'Neill, G., Jackson, S. R., et al. (2003) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-200309000-00016 · Cited by 30
Self-citationFinite Element Analysis of the Human ACL Subjected to Passive Anterior Tibial Loads
Limbert, G., Middleton, J., & Taylor, M. (2004) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255840410001658839 · Cited by 29
“The response of the ACL is a major component of the global mechanical response of the knee subjected to anterior drawer forces as the ACL has been demonstrated to have a major restraining function with respect to anteriorly oriented forces [5,8,10,12–14,18,19].”
BackgroundInfluence of individual characteristics on static rotational knee laxity using the Rotameter
Mouton, C., Seil, R., Agostinis, H., et al. (2012) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-011-1877-2 · Cited by 29
“Rotational knee laxity has been little investigated, but it has been suggested that increased external tibial rotation could be a risk factor [3], despite the fact that internally directed torques generate greater strain on the ACL [17].”
BackgroundRachmat, H. H., Janssen, D. W., Verkerke, G. J., et al. (2015) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.11.011 · Cited by 28
“Several studies have analyzed the inherent mechanical properties f the ACL by performing tensile tests in experimental set-ups [9–13].”
BackgroundPretensioning of Soft Tissue Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Pilia, M., Murray, M., Guda, T., Heckman, M. M., & Appleford, M. R. (2015) · Orthopedics · doi:10.3928/01477447-20150701-55 · Cited by 27
Training and testing in open versus closed kinetic chain
Mayer, F., Schlumberger, A., van Cingel, R. E. H., Henrotin, Y. E., Laube, W., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (2003) · Isokinetics and Exercise Science · doi:10.3233/ies-2003-0154 · Cited by 28
“Cadaver models revealed that elevated tibiofemoral compression under stress leads to a reduction of the resultant ACL force [20,26].”
External Loading at the Knee Joint for Landing Movements in Alpine Skiing
Read, L., & Herzog, W. (1992) · International Journal of Sport Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/ijsb.8.1.62 · Cited by 28
Mae, T., Shino, K., Matsumoto, N., Yoneda, K., Yoshikawa, H., & Nakata, K. (2012) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2012.08.012 · Cited by 27
Biomechanics of human tibio-femoral joint in axial rotation
Jilani, A., Shirazi-Adl, A., & Bendjaballah, M. Z. (1997) · The Knee · doi:10.1016/s0968-0160(97)00266-4 · Cited by 27
Boisgard, S., Levai, J.-P., Geiger, B., et al. (1999) · Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy · doi:10.1007/bf01631331 · Cited by 27
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Goss, B. C., Howell, S. M., & Hull, M. L. (1998) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100160514 · Cited by 27
Intraoperative Qualit�tskontrolle bei der Bohrkanalplatzierung zum vorderen Kreuzbandersatz
P�ssler, H. H., & H�her, J. (2004) · Der Unfallchirurg · doi:10.1007/s00113-004-0745-7 · Cited by 27
Different roles of the medial and lateral hamstrings in unloading the anterior cruciate ligament
Guelich, D. R., Xu, D., Koh, J. L., Nuber, G. W., & Zhang, L. (2016) · The Knee · doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.07.007 · Cited by 26
Knee kinematics is altered post‐fatigue while performing a crossover task
Cortés, N., Greska, E., Ambegaonkar, J. P., et al. (2013) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2673-y · Cited by 26
Ali, N., & Rouhi, G. (2010) · Open Biomedical Engineering Journal · doi:10.2174/1874120701004010178 · Cited by 27
“The position of the leg at the time of non-contact ACL injury displays tibial rotation, apparent knee valgus, foot pronation, and a relatively extended knee and hip [4, 14].”
BackgroundMotion Analysis and the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Classification of Injury Risk
Bates, N. A., & Hewett, T. E. (2015) · The Journal of Knee Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1558855 · Cited by 26
Fujiya, H., Kousa, P., Fleming, B. C., Churchill, D. L., & Beynnon, B. D. (2011) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.06.006 · Cited by 26
“…and combined with varus torque has been shown to increase ACL strain and force values between full extension and 120° of knee flexion, and this effect is themost evident near full extension and deep flexion (Arms et al., 1984; Dürselen et al., 1995; Hame et al., 2002; Markolf et al., 1990).”
InfluentialTibial press‐fit fixation of the hamstring tendons for ACL‐reconstruction
Jagodzinski, M., Scheunemann, K., Knobloch, K., Albrecht, K., Krettek, C., Hurschler, C., & Zeichen, J. (2006) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-006-0105-y · Cited by 25
Arnold, M. P., Verdonschot, N., & van Kampen, A. (2005) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546504265909 · Cited by 24
“Markolf et al developed a method of isolating the tibial attachment of the normal ACL in cadavers and used it to record the tension curve in the ACL from 0° to 90° of knee flexion.(15) This technique was later modified to measure both the ACL and PCL tension through a full range of motion.”
MethodTensile forces at the porcine anterior meniscal horn attachment
Stärke, C., Kopf, S., Gröbel, K., et al. (2009) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.20949 · Cited by 25
Yoshida, N., Kunugi, S., Mashimo, S., et al. (2016) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-016-0056-x · Cited by 25
“However, solo contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscles increases ACL tension [25, 26].”
BackgroundAlrowayeh, H. N., Sabbahi, M. A., & Etnyre, B. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.11.011 · Cited by 25
Markolf, K. L., Graves, B. R., Sigward, S. M., et al. (2007) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2006.12.023 · Cited by 25
Self-citationUltrasound Screening for Congenital Dislocation of the Hip: A Limited Targeted Programme
Teanby, D. N., & Paton, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics · doi:10.1097/00004694-199703000-00012 · Cited by 25
Wan, C., Hao, Z., & Wen, S. (2013) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4023696 · Cited by 24
Bates, N. A., Nesbitt, R. J., Shearn, J. T., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546516639303 · Cited by 24
“The ACL resists up to 85% of the anterior force generated in the knee.(10,26,34) Thus, a loading change in this DOF would have had significant implications on injury risk.”
BackgroundImhauser, C. W., Kent, R., Boorman-Padgett, J. F., et al. (2017) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.09.032 · Cited by 24
Lee, M. C., Jo, H., Bae, T.-S., et al. (2003) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-003-0351-1 · Cited by 24
A mechanism for rotation restraints in the knee joint
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Metadata
- Authors
- Markolf, K. L., Gorek, J. F., Kabo, J. M., & Shapiro, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Markolf, K L
- Venue
- The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
- Published
- 1990-04
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 557-567
- ISSN
- 0021-9355 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W181468102
- Cited by
- 610
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 11.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ar037037-03)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01-AR37037)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
- Keywords
- anterior cruciate ligament, tibial attachment, knee hyperextension, tibiofemoral contact forces, anterior tibial translation, knee flexion angle
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Knee Joint, Ligaments, Articular, Middle Aged, Movement, In Vitro Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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