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Anatomic Double‐Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Kinematics and Knee Flexion Angle–Graft Tension Relation
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the bundle tension curves and resultant knee kinematics between 2 tensioning protocols in anatomic double‐bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods: Anatomic double‐bundle ACL reconstruction was performed in 7 male cadaveric knees. Each graft was tensioned to 22 N under 2 conditions: (1) both bundles tensioned at 20° of knee flexion (20/20 protocol) or (2) posterolateral (PL) bundle tensioned at 15° and anteromedial (AM) bundle at 45° (45/15 protocol). Knee kinematics were recorded in response to anterior and combined rotatory loads in the intact, ACL‐deficient, and reconstructed states. Bundle tension was recorded dynamically with knee motion and during each loading test. Results: Tensioning both bundles at 20° of knee flexion resulted in a reciprocal bundle tension pattern that was not statistically different; the PL bundle tension was greater than the AM bundle tension in full extension, and the AM bundle tension was greater than the PL bundle tension from 25° to 120°. In the second tensioning protocol, the AM bundle tension was significantly greater than the PL bundle tension at all flexion angles. Both tensioning protocols restored normal knee kinematics. Conclusions: Bundle‐tensioning protocol is a variable that has a significant effect on the bundle‐loading patterns in double‐bundle ACL reconstruction. The 20/20 protocol resulted in AM and PL bundle–loading patterns that were equivalent during dynamic testing, whereas the 45/15 protocol led to excessive tension in the AM bundle in full extension. We recommend equal tensioning of both bundles with the knee at 20° of flexion to restore relatively normal tension curves in each bundle and to avoid excessive stress on the AM bundle. Clinical Relevance: In double‐bundle ACL reconstruction, there is no consensus regarding bundle‐tensioning protocols. This study provides data on the individual bundle tension curves that result from 2 commonly used tensioning protocols. These data will assist clinicians as the technique and application of double‐bundle ACL reconstruction move forward.
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Passive flexion-extension motions do not load the ACL.
“studies demonstrated that passive flexion–extension motions do not load the ACL [5, 30]”
Multiple cadaveric studies have been conducted to investigate the graft force during passive flexion-extension.
“Multiple cadaveric studies have been conducted to investigate the graft force during passive flexion–extension.”
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Chhabra A., 2006, Anatomic, radiographic, biomechanical and kinematic evaluation of the ACL and its 2 functional bundles, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 88, 2
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“In addition, studies demonstrated that passive flexion–extension motions do not load the ACL [5, 30], which is not completely consistent with the current results.”
MethodResult
Metadata
- Authors
- Murray, P. J., Alexander, J. W., Gold, J. E., Icenogle, K. D., Noble, P. C., & Lowe, W. R.
- Affiliations
- Clarkstown Orthopedics West Nyack New York U.S.A.
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Education (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Murray, Patrick J.
- ORCID
- Lowe, Walter R.
- Venue
- Arthroscopy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-01-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 202-213
- ISSN
- 0749-8063 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-3231
- OpenAlex
- W2120964298
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Foot and Ankle Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
- Keywords
- double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, knee kinematics, knee flexion angle, anteromedial bundle, posterolateral bundle, anterior cruciate ligament deficiency, cadaveric knee
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ankle Joint, Biomechanical Phenomena, Bone Screws, Bone Wires, Cadaver, Femur, Humans, Knee Joint, Middle Aged, Stress, Mechanical, Sutures, Tibia, Range of Motion, Articular, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Weight-Bearing, Plastic Surgery Procedures
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