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Mental Health and/or Mental Illness: A Scoping Review of the Evidence and Implications of the Dual-Continua Model of Mental Health
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The dual-continua model of mental health suggests that mental illness and positive mental health reflect distinct continua, rather than the extreme ends of a single spectrum. The aim of this review was to scope the literature surrounding the dual-continua model of mental health, to summarise the evidence, highlight the areas of focus for individual studies and discuss the wider implications of the model. A search was conducted in PsycINFO (n=233), PsycARTICLES (n=25), Scopus (n=137) and PubMed (n=47), after which a snowballing approach was used to scope the remaining literature. The current scoping review identified 83 peer-reviewed empirical articles, including cross-sectional, longitudinal and intervention studies, which found overall support for superior explanatory power of dual-continua models of mental health over the traditional bipolar model. These studies were performed in clinical and non-clinical populations, over the entire life-course and in Western and non-Western populations. This review summarised the evidence suggesting that positive mental health and mental illness are two distinct but interrelated domains of mental health; each having shared and unique predictors, influencing each other via complex interrelationships. The results presented here have implications for policy, practice and research for mental health assessment, intervention design, and mental health care design and reform.
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“given this framework has been endorsed in an elite sports context [34, 63, 64] and empirically validated across a range of studies in the general population [32, 65, 66].”
From The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“The literature, though, surrounding mental health prevention points to the complexity of assessing risk and protective factors for mental health, which is also echoed in discussions regarding the implications of evidence describing mental illness and positive mental health as two interrelated but distinct continua [20].”
In the citing paper
“However, the dual model of mental health posits that mental illness and mental well‐being represent two distinct but related dimensions”
From The Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship Between Self‐Compassion and Psychological Outcomes in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review. (2025) · cites this paper as Iasiello et al. 2020
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Cited by
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions to improve mental wellbeing
van Agteren, J., Iasiello, M., Lo, L., Bartholomaeus, J., Kopsaftis, Z., Carey, M., & Kyrios, M. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01093-w · Cited by 510
Self-citationThe mental health of student-athletes: a systematic scoping review
Kegelaers, J. J., Wylleman, P., Defruyt, S., Praet, L., Stambulova, N. B., Torregrossa, M., Kenttä, G., & Brandt, K. D. (2022) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2022.2095657 · Cited by 149
“This model has strong empirical support (Iasiello et al., 2020) and has emerged as a leading framework to study MH among athlete populations (Kuettel & Larsen, 2020; Perry et al., 2021).”
Pasanen, T., White, M. P., Elliott, L. R., van den Bosch, M. A., Bratman, G. N., Ojala, A., Korpela, K., & Fleming, L. E. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116324 · Cited by 96
Inglis, G., Jenkins, P., McHardy, F., Sosu, E., & Wilson, C. (2022) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2677 · Cited by 131
van Agteren, J., Bartholomaeus, J., Fassnacht, D. B., Iasiello, M., Ali, K., Lo, L., & Kyrios, M. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/20696 · Cited by 66
“Harnessing internet-based innovations in mental health service provision can stimulate wider mental health reform and help strengthen services for the entire population, regardless of the presence of (severe) mental disorders [43].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMental Health and Mental Illness in Organizations: A Review, Comparison, and Extension
Rosado-Solomon, E., Koopmann, J. M., Lee, W., & Cronin, M. A. (2023) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2021.0211 · Cited by 82
Oswald, T. K., Rumbold, A. R., Kedzior, S. G. E., Kohler, M. J., & Moore, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115630 · Cited by 61
“Citation: Oswald, T.K.; Rumbold, A.R.; Kedzior, S.G.E.; Kohler, M.; Moore, V.M. Mental Health of Young Australians during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Roles of Employment Precarity, Screen Time, and Contact with Nature.”
BackgroundInfluentialLogan, A. C., Berman, B., & Prescott, S. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065065 · Cited by 63
“Recent research suggests that positive mental health and mental illness are two distinct but interconnected domains of mental health, each with unique and common predictors that influence each other in complex ways [12].”
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The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00655-8 · Cited by 59
“…the present review employed Keyes’ [28, 29] dual-continua model of mental health to guide the classification of results, given this framework has been endorsed in an elite sports context [34, 63, 64] and empirically validated across a range of studies in the general population [32, 65, 66].”
MethodPetersen, K. J., Humphrey, N., & Qualter, P. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01550-9 · Cited by 60
“Finally, empirical support for the dual-factor approach has been found in a range of study designs (e.g., cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies), in clinical and nonclinical samples, in Western and non-Western populations, and across the lifespan (Iasiello et al., 2020).”
BackgroundImpact of Job Insecurity on Psychological Well- and Ill-Being among High Performance Coaches
Bentzen, M., Kenttä, G., Richter, A., & Lemyre, P.-N. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17196939 · Cited by 54
“More specifically, mental health, as something distinctly separate from mental illness, could be viewed as a continuum from having low positive mental health to high positive mental health [20,21].”
BackgroundKraiss, J. T., Kohlhoff, M., & ten Klooster, P. M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02942-1 · Cited by 60
From ill-being to well-being: Bipolar or bivariate?
Zhao, Y., & Tay, L. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2022.2109204 · Cited by 55
Stephens, J. M., Iasiello, M. P., Ali, K., van Agteren, J. E., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13050436 · Cited by 50
“For example, studies aiming to validate the existence of subgroups within the dual-continua model can use descriptors, cut offs, and terminology that varies depending on the theoretical background chosen by the authors [16].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Prevalence of Mental Ill Health in Elite Counter-Strike Athletes
Birch, P. D. J., Smith, M. J., Arumuham, A., de Gortari, A. B. O., & Sharpe, B. T. (2024) · Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports · doi:10.1123/jege.2024-0006 · Cited by 40
Hill, D. M., Brown, G., Lambert, T.-L., Mackintosh, K. A., Knight, C. J., & Gorczynski, P. F. (2021) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000263 · Cited by 38
van Agteren, J., Iasiello, M., Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Furber, G., Woodyatt, L., Howard, A., & Kyrios, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648678 · Cited by 33
Self-citationvan Agteren, J. E., Woodyatt, L., Iasiello, M. P., Rayner, J., & Kyrios, M. (2019) · Student Success · doi:10.5204/ssj.v10i3.1411 · Cited by 38
Self-citationFassnacht, D. B., Ali, K., van Agteren, J. E., Iasiello, M. P., Mavrangelos, T., Furber, G., & Kyrios, M. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/37292 · Cited by 32
“Specifically, such interventions promote mental well-being, which in turn can prevent the occurrence of mental illness as well as address symptoms of distress in early stages of common mental disorders (eg, depression and anxiety) [21,33,34].”
Self-citationSoltan, F., Cristofalo, D., Marshall, D. C., Purgato, M., Taddese, H. B., Vanderbloemen, L., Barbui, C., & Uphoff, E. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013657.pub2 · Cited by 34
Mendoza, N. B., King, R. B., & Haw, J. Y. (2023) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2023.2226846 · Cited by 37
Brooks, H. L., Windfuhr, K. L., Irmansyah, Prawira, B., Putriningtyas, D. A. D., Lovell, K., Bangun, S. R., Syarif, A. K., Manik, C. G., Tanjun, I. S., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263232 · Cited by 36
“The CSM is underpinned by the dynamic nature of illness perceptions which are consid- ered responsive to changing circumstances and personal experiences [20] Whilst limited in nature, the study identified some important and nuanced differences in the views of those with and without experience of mental illness within…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKocjan, G. Z., Avsec, A., & Kavčič, T. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116546 · Cited by 36
Mental health management in healthcare organizations: Challenges and strategies - a review
Abdul, S., Adeghe, E. P., Adegoke, B. O., Adegoke, A. A., & Udedeh, E. H. (2024) · International Medical Science Research Journal · doi:10.51594/imsrj.v4i5.1157 · Cited by 28
Petersen, K. J., Qualter, P., Humphrey, N., Damsgaard, M. T., & Madsen, K. R. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02677-y · Cited by 45
“Consistent with contemporary ‘ dual-factor ’ or ‘ dual-continua ’ perspectives on mental health (e.g., Iasiello & Van Agteren, 2020; Wang et al., 2011), which consider both psychopathology and mental wellbeing to be important and distinct aspects of mental health, we investigated how perceived…”
BackgroundTejada‐Gallardo, C., Blasco‐Belled, A., & Alsinet, C. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12363 · Cited by 28
Petrovic, J., Mettler, J., Cho, S., & Heath, N. L. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102433 · Cited by 26
Zbukvic, I., McKay, S., Cooke, S., Anderson, R., Pilkington, V., McGillivray, L., Bailey, A. P., Purcell, R., & Tye, M. (2023) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-023-00211-1 · Cited by 34
“The dual continua model suggests that positive mental health and mental ill-health operate on two spectrums rather than a single continuum (Iasiello et al., 2020).”
Black, L., Panayiotou, M., & Humphrey, N. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12125 · Cited by 25
“…often been a tendency to focus on diagnosis (Costello, 2015), while many have suggested attention is needed to a broader set of domains, particularly when considering early identification in general population samples (Bartels et al., 2013; Greenspoon & Saklofske, 2001; Iasiello & Agteren, 2020).”
BackgroundMarquez, J., Humphrey, N., Black, L., Cutts, M., & Khanna, D. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16992-y · Cited by 33
“Finally, the complete state approach (also known as the dual factor/ continuua or complete mental health model) focuses on the balance between mental wellbeing and symptoms of distress, emphasizing the presence of positive states and absence of symptoms [15].”
Backgroundvan Agteren, J. E., Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Iasiello, M. P., Furber, G., Howard, A., Woodyatt, L., Musker, M., & Kyrios, M. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/28044 · Cited by 22
“Results here show though, that in order to meet this aspirational international standard, it is critical to systematically measure both outcomes of well-being as well as psychological distress when assessing the impact of psychological interventions in research and practice [27].”
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Concerto, C., Rodolico, A., Rosa, V. L. L., Aiello, B., Martinez, M., Stuto, S., Infortuna, C., Fusar‐Poli, L., Signorelli, M. S., Commodari, E., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315814 · Cited by 23
“Therefore, the Keyes’s model supported our research hypotheses and further reinforced previous results indicating that positive mental health is associated with lack of psychological comorbidities and a better productivity [41].”
ResultRutter, T., Hastings, R. P., Murray, C. A., Enoch, N., Johnson, S., & Stinton, C. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102426 · Cited by 31
“Increasing attention to positive elements of parental wellbeing aligns with the positive psychology movement which highlights that the absence of symptoms of mental ill health is not equivalent to psychological wellbeing (Iasiello et al., 2020; Kramer, 1997).”
Supporting Mental Health in Youth Sport: Introducing a Toolkit for Coaches, Clubs, and Organisations
Walton, C. C., Carberry, S., Wilson, M., Purcell, R., OLIVE, L. S., Vella, S. A., & Rice, S. (2021) · International Sport Coaching Journal · doi:10.1123/iscj.2021-0042 · Cited by 25
Measuring Population Mental Health
OECD (2023) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/5171eef8-en · Cited by 31
Keyes, C. L. M., Sohail, M. M., Molokwu, N. J., Parnell, H. E., Amanya, C., Kaza, V. G. K., Saddo, Y. B., Vann, V., Tzudier, S., & Proeschold‐Bell, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00293-x · Cited by 20
Tang, D., Mair, C. A., & Hu, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1142036 · Cited by 20
“Although, many options for negative and positive indicators are found in studies based on DFM theory, depressive symptoms and life satisfaction are the most commonly used variables (Keyes, 2007; Iasiello et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAppiah, R. (2022) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100931 · Cited by 20
Khumalo, I. P., Appiah, R., & Fadiji, A. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.885278 · Cited by 24
Armaou, M., Pears, M., Konstantinidis, S. T., & Blake, H. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21030375 · Cited by 18
“…surrounding mental health prevention points to the complexity of assessing risk and protective factors for mental health, which is also echoed in discussions regarding the implications of evidence describing mental illness and positive mental health as two interrelated but distinct continua [20].”
BackgroundSolhaug, A. K., Oppedal, B., Røysamb, E., & Calam, R. M. (2024) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-023-00579-1 · Cited by 18
“To understand mental health status in the population, we need knowledge and assessment about both illbeing and wellbeing (Iasiello & Van Agteren, 2020).”
BackgroundAznar, M. P. M., del Pino, M. J., Pérez, J. M. B., & Hernández-Lorenzo, D. E. (2022) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-022-10140-1 · Cited by 18
Therapieziel Wohlbefinden – Ressourcen aktivieren in der Psychotherapie
Schürmann‐Vengels, J. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000668 · Cited by 18
Liebherr, M., Heyder, A., Brailovskaia, J., Burkardt, T. M., Latrouite, C., Montag, C., & Antons, S. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00007 · Cited by 25
“However, building on the conceptualization of mental health and psychopathology (Iasiello & van Agteren, 2020; Suldo & Shaffer, 2008), we argue that functional digital media use extends beyond merely avoiding negative effects.”
Soler, J., Casellas‐Pujol, E., Pascual, J. C., Schmidt, C., Domínguez‐Clavé, E., Cebolla, A., Morón, D. A., Muro, A., & Elices, M. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00204-x · Cited by 20
“Good mental health involves several domains, including meaningful living, the establishment of significant relationships and self-management strategies [27, 43, 46].”
BackgroundSecular trends in mental health profiles among 15-year-olds in Sweden between 2002 and 2018
Eriksson, C. C.-G., & Stattin, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1015509 · Cited by 17
Black, L., Humphrey, N., Panayiotou, M., & Marquez, J. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231158623 · Cited by 24
“Beyond scoring and sex/age comparisons, there is a need to understand the empirical similarity of measures given the fact different domains are sometimes used interchangeably (e.g., Fuhrmann et al., 2021; Orben & Przybylski, 2019), or additively (Iasiello & Agteren, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Benefits of Work: A Meta-analysis of the Latent Deprivation and Agency Restriction Models
Aitken, J. A., Cannon, J. A., Kaplan, S. A., & Kim, H. (2023) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-023-09920-9 · Cited by 18
“Psychological distress reflects ill psychological health while life satisfaction indicates the presence of psychological health (see Iasiello et al., 2020).”
Li, J., Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1020494 · Cited by 19
Well-being and ill-being on campus
Morrison, P. S., Liu, I., & Zeng, D. (2023) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v13i3.2785 · Cited by 22
“reviewed 24 articles between Jan 1990 to Oct 2010 that met their inclusion criteria (Iasiello and Agteren, 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialde Lima, E. S., Preece, C., Potter, K., Goddard, E., Edbrooke-Childs, J. H., Hobbs, T., & Fonagy, P. (2023) · Research Involvement and Engagement · doi:10.1186/s40900-023-00510-w · Cited by 23
“This approach underpins the assertion that mental disorders and mental wellbeing are two separate yet interconnected domains, influencing one another through intricate interrelationships [3].”
BackgroundBaetens, I., Hove, L. V., Azadfar, Z., Heel, M. V., & Soyez, V. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13071852 · Cited by 26
“This brings significant potential for intervention development [68].”
BackgroundMan, D., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2025.2517304 · Cited by 16
“Synthesis of well-being research has provided evidence for the dual-continua model and shown that mental well-being could co-exist with mental illness (Iasiello, van Agteren, and Cochrane 2020).”
InfluentialLifestyle challenges and mental health of professional tennis players: an exploratory case study
Shrom, S. J., Cumming, J., & Fenton, S. (2022) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2022.2099947 · Cited by 18
“The model provides a holistic understanding of mental health (Iasiello & Agteren, 2020; Uphill et al., 2016) by concep-tualising fl ourishing (i.e., high levels of mental health) as being made up of three distinct types of wellbeing (i.e., emotional, psychological, and social), as well as…”
MethodMental-health profiling with person-centred analysis: A study of adolescents in Sweden
Eriksson, C. C.-G., & Stattin, H. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948231158850 · Cited by 15
“The magnitude of this correlation is consistent with previous studies demonstrating that psychological distress and well-being are related but still distinct domains in mental health [5,20].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialScutt, K., Ali, K., Rieger, E., Monaghan, C., Ford, R., Fabry, E., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12439 · Cited by 22
Hermann, V., Söderqvist, F., Karlsson, A., Sarkadi, A., & Durbeej, N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299225 · Cited by 18
Hayas, C. L., Mateo‐Abad, M., Vergara, I., Izco-Basurko, I., González-Pinto, A. M., Gabrielli, S., Mazur, I., Hjemdal, O., Guðmundsdóttir, D. G., Knoop, H. H., et al. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02156-z · Cited by 19
“Its validity has been supported by a considerable body of empirical research [10].”
BackgroundAlbaum, C. S., Chan, V., Sellitto, T., Vashi, N., Hastings, R. P., & Weiss, J. A. (2021) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2021.08.003 · Cited by 20
Animal psychotherapist: The potential impacts of animal-based tourism on mental health
Lin, G., & Li, M. (2024) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2024.104959 · Cited by 14
Beware of the blues: Wellbeing of coaches and support staff throughout the Olympic Games
DeWolfe, C. E. J., & Dithurbide, L. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541221116880 · Cited by 14
“Consistent with the dual continua model of mental health, these wellbeing factors, although related to mental illness, are distinct from the absence of mental illness.(21,22) A secondary aim of this study was to identify potential supports for the wellbeing of coaches and support staff throughout the Olympic Games.”
BackgroundThom, J., Walther, L., Eicher, S., Hölling, H., Junker, S., Peitz, D., Wilhelm, J., & Mauz, E. (2023) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-023-03678-4 · Cited by 18
Wang, J., Drossaert, C. H. C., Knevel, M., Chen, L., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Schroevers, M. J. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70090 · Cited by 15
van Wezel, M. M. C., Muusse, C., van de Mheen, D., Wijnen, B. F. M., den Hollander, W., & Kroon, H. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05293-8 · Cited by 14
“In the ‘90s, recovery in the context of mental health care has been re-defined as the process of learning how to live a meaningful life despite one’s vulnerabilities [1, 2], moving beyond the narrow-minded definition focusing on reducing clinical symptoms alone [3, 4].”
BackgroundComparing the mental health and wellbeing of domestic and international tertiary students
Xiong, W., Radünz, M., Ali, K., King, D. L., Kyrios, M., Zhao, Y., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2024) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v14i4.6647 · Cited by 15
The diversity of well-being indicators: a latent profile analysis
Horton, C. J., Walsh, L. C., Rodriguez, A., & Kaufman, V. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1304074 · Cited by 15
Kegelaers, J. J., Wylleman, P., Kenttä, G., Vitali, F., Erpič, S. C., Regüela, S., Teller, C., & Brandt, K. D. (2024) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2024.2334283 · Cited by 15
“Recent evidence has provided strong support for such a dual-continuum conceptualization (Iasiello et al., 2020).”
A dual-continuum framework to evaluate climate change impacts on mental health
Vergunst, F., Smith, R. W., Massazza, A., Berry, H. L., & Olff, M. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00326-x · Cited by 15
“A large body of empirical work supports the distinction between the pathogenic and salutogenic domains of the dual-continuum model 16,20 .”
InfluentialCurelaru, M., & Curelaru, V. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15010026 · Cited by 17
Formal Elements of Art Products Indicate Aspects of Mental Health
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Bennett, R. J., Donaldson, S., Mansourian, Y., Olaithe, M., Kelsall-Foreman, I., Badcock, J. C., & Eikelboom, R. H. (2021) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2021_aja-21-00048 · Cited by 12
Solhaug, A. K., Røysamb, E., & Oppedal, B. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00595-x · Cited by 11
The nature of the relation between mental well-being and ill-being
Tamnes, C. K., Bekkhus, M., Eilertsen, M., Nes, R. B., Prydz, M. B., Ystrøm, E., Aksnes, E. R., Andersen, S. N., Ask, H., Ayorech, Z., et al. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02319-x · Cited by 13
“…using self-report scales or clinical interviews of patients with mental illness largely support the dual-continuum model of ill-being and well-being, results from the few studies with patients with severe mental illness instead indicate that these constructs are highly negatively correlated 22 .”
de Krijger, E., Willems, R., ten Klooster, P., Bakker, E., Miedema, H., Drossaert, C., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895850 · Cited by 11
Mental health in athletes: Does authentic leadership matter?
Kavussanu, M., Zhang, S., Tang, Q., Cumming, J., & Mackman, T. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102617 · Cited by 15
Assessing well-being in clinical research and treatment
Goodman, F. R. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00381-4 · Cited by 11
“The presence of a mental illness does not indicate which components of well-being are impaired, neither does the absence of mental illness mean well-being will be high 19–21 .”
Ivarsson, A., McCall, A., Mutch, S., Giuliani, A., Bassetto, R., & Fanchini, M. (2021) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2021.1962540 · Cited by 12
“…and well-being (e.g., happiness, satisfaction with life, purpose in life, optimism, personal growth, autonomy, positive affects, negative affects) (Giles et al., 2020, Iasiello et al., 2020, Ryff and Keyes, 1995), while separate phenomena are, nevertheless, closely related (Diener et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Psychological Distress on Measurement Invariance in Measures of Mental Wellbeing
Iasiello, M. P., Muir‐Cochrane, E., van Agteren, J. E., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610072 · Cited by 11
“This finding has since been reproduced and replicated in more than 80 studies from around the world, using diverse assessment methods, various study methodologies, cultures, population types, and has been tested in different languages [6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBlasco‐Belled, A. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03598-7 · Cited by 12
“This practice can impose a limitation to understanding how mental health develops because psychological interventions can differently influence positive and/or negative indicators (Iasiello et al., 2020; Trompetter et al., 2017).”
BackgroundLiu, Y.-H., Beauparlant, E. T., Ueda, M., & Yu, Q.-Y. (2025) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12564 · Cited by 9
Cleofas, J. V. (2023) · International Social Science Journal · doi:10.1111/issj.12459 · Cited by 16
The Impact of Higher Education on Health Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from China
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“Specifically, structural analyses indicate that wellbeing and distress load on two distinct factors (Iasiello et al., 2020).”
InfluentialCraig, F., Colella, G. M., Tenuta, F., Mauti, M., Gravina, A., Calomino, M. L., Plastina, R., Polito, A., & Costabile, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1602009 · Cited by 15
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“The decision to utilise measures of both positive and negative mental health was informed by positive psychology theory and the dual factor model of mental health, which suggests that positive mental health and mental illness are distinct but interrelated domains (Iasiello & Van Agteren, 2020).”
MethodLi, J., Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2025) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-025-10037-4 · Cited by 9
“Recent literature on psychological well-being highlights the dual continua perspective, where health and illness are operationalized as separate dimensions (Iasiello et al., 2020; Keyes, 2005).”
From surviving to thriving: How sleep, physical activity, and diet shape well-being in young adults
Cooper, J. R. H., Turner, R., & Conner, T. S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329689 · Cited by 10
“Empirical support for this framework has grown, with studies demonstrating its superiority over single-factor models [1–3 , 57 ].”
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“However, extensive research has suggested that focusing solely on treatment and reduction of mental illness may not be enough (10;11).”
BackgroundThe 4R Model of Mood and Emotion for Sustainable Mental Health in Organisational Settings
Beedie, C., Lane, A. M., Udberg, R., & Terry, P. C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811670 · Cited by 11
Understanding Differential Stress and Mental Health Reactions to COVID-19-Related Events
Sebastião, R., Neto, D. D., & Costa, V. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20105819 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, despite their intercorrelation, these two factors are distinct and may act relatively independently [15,16] and as such should both be considered in research on mental health, providing greater insights into this topic [18].”
BackgroundWellbeing-responsive community: a growth target for intentional mental health promotion
Raymond, I. J., Burke, K. J., Agnew, K. J., & Kelly, D. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1271954 · Cited by 9
Uncovering heterogeneity in mental health changes among first-year medical students
Polujanski, S., Nett, U. E., Rotthoff, T., Özsoy, M. D., & Schindler, A.-K. (2024) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2024.2317493 · Cited by 8
Marinucci, A., Grové, C., & Allen, K. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2376203 · Cited by 9
“While mental health and mental illness are sometimes described as two extremes of a continuum, it is evident that these concepts are distinct, and the absence of a mental condition does not guarantee positive mental health (Iasiello et al., 2020; Keyes, 2005; Payton, 2009).”
Vincent, C., Tremblay-Wragg, É., & Plante, I. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20206953 · Cited by 9
“Accordingly, the dual-continua model of mental health posits the existence of negative mental health manifested with psychological distress, as well as positive mental health manifested with psychological, emotional, and social wellbeing [23,24].”
BackgroundWho engages in well-being interventions? An analysis of a global digital intervention study
Park, Y., Guevarra, D. A., Simon-Thomas, E. R., & Epel, E. S. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2417098 · Cited by 7
“To the extent that mental well-being and ill-being are conceptually and empirically distinct (e.g. Iasiello & van Agteren, 2020; Keyes, 2005), individuals who are motivated to engage in one type of intervention may not necessarily be motivated to engage in the other.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Iasiello, M., van Agteren, J., & Muir Cochrane, E.
- Affiliations
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Venue
- Evidence Base
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 2020
- ISSN
- 1838-9422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3015075171
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 27.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Evidence Base (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- positive mental health, mental illness, mental health continuum, mental health assessment, mental health reform
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