Cited by 270Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionMental Health Treatment and AccessMental Health Research Topics

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Mental Health and/or Mental Illness: A Scoping Review of the Evidence and Implications of the Dual-Continua Model of Mental Health

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Iasiello, Matthew, van Agteren, Joep, Muir Cochrane, Eimear·2020·Evidence Base

DOI 10.21307/eb-2020-001

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Abstract

The dual-continua model of mental health suggests that mental illness and positive mental health reflect distinct continua, rather than the extreme ends of a single spectrum. The aim of this review was to scope the literature surrounding the dual-continua model of mental health, to summarise the evidence, highlight the areas of focus for individual studies and discuss the wider implications of the model. A search was conducted in PsycINFO (n=233), PsycARTICLES (n=25), Scopus (n=137) and PubMed (n=47), after which a snowballing approach was used to scope the remaining literature. The current scoping review identified 83 peer-reviewed empirical articles, including cross-sectional, longitudinal and intervention studies, which found overall support for superior explanatory power of dual-continua models of mental health over the traditional bipolar model. These studies were performed in clinical and non-clinical populations, over the entire life-course and in Western and non-Western populations. This review summarised the evidence suggesting that positive mental health and mental illness are two distinct but interrelated domains of mental health; each having shared and unique predictors, influencing each other via complex interrelationships. The results presented here have implications for policy, practice and research for mental health assessment, intervention design, and mental health care design and reform.

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“States of mental wellbeing can occur regardless of the presence of mental illness, offering an alternative and complementary pathway to promoting mental health and preventing emotional distress [28, 29].”
Affective Wearable Haptic Interventions: A Systematic Literature Review
Lee, J. H., Röddiger, T., Makarem, S., Riedel, T., Kunze, K., & Beigl, M. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3790116 · Cited by 3
Reclaiming the game: Challenges and opportunities to address mental health in youth sport
Whitley, M. A., & Massey, W. V. (2026) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2026.2672085 · Cited by 2
Psychotherapists’ perspective of the use of eHealth services to enhance positive mental health promotion
Seow, E., Chang, S. S. H., Sambasivam, R., Subramaniam, M., Lu, S. H., Assudani, H. A., Tan, C.-Y. G., & Vaingankar, J. A. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221147411 · Cited by 3
“7,8 Positive mental well-being has been found to improve individual ’ s functioning such as increased productivity at work, better physical health and having more meaningful relationships.”
Background
Beliefs about mental health in incarcerated males: a qualitative interview study
Solbakken, L. E., Bergvik, S., & Wynn, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1242756 · Cited by 5
“Thus, interventions reach more people and are more effective if they also aim to enhance positive mental health (91).”
Background
Protective and stress factors for psychological distress: a comparative analysis of LGB and non-LGB older adults
Ribeiro-Gonçalves, J. A., Pereira, D., Costa, P. A., & Leal, I. M. P. (2024) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2024.2394847 · Cited by 3
“In addition to these stressors, protective resources for the mental health of older adults also seem to differ according to sexual orientation (Iasiello et al., 2020; Lytle et al., 2018).”
Playful activities mitigate relations between parental mental health difficulties and child verbal outcomes
Nelson, P. M., Scheiber, F. A., Laughlin, H. M., & Demir‐Lira, Ö. E. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14187 · Cited by 2
“…across the lifespan; interventions targeting each dimension yield complementary yet distinguishable outcomes, and the determinants and mechanisms underlying ill-being are different from those underlying well-being (Iasiello & Van Agteren, 2020; Kinderman et al., 2015; Westerhof & Keyes, 2010).”
What works for psychological interventions designed to increase wellbeing in psychological therapy trainees? A systematic review
Owen, J., Biggart, L., Fisher, P., Figueredo, A., Al-Rousi, S., Colvin-Jarvis, J., Williamson, E., & Sanderson, K. A. (2024) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-01-2024-0009 · Cited by 2
High risk, low reward: a mixed method exploration of correctional officer mental health and perceptions of prison work
Miller, O. K., Bruenig, D., & Shakespeare‐Finch, J. (2025) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2025.2457591 · Cited by 4
“This dual-continua model has been extensively supported in the literature across a range of diverse samples (Franken et al. 2018; Iasiello, van Agteren, and Cochrane 2020; Lamers et al. 2011).”
Four scales measuring mental wellbeing in the Nordic countries: do they tell the same story?
Aarø, L. E., Smith, O. R. F., Damsgaard, M. T., Fismen, A., Knapstad, M., Lyyra, N., Samdal, O., Thorsteinsson, E., & Eriksson, C. C.-G. (2025) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-025-02351-5 · Cited by 2
Profiles, transitions, and influencing factors of mental health among Chinese adolescents: the Dual-Factor mental health perspective
Wang, Z., Zheng, J., Wang, X., Lu, K., Liu, F., & He, J. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07805-z · Cited by 2
“Research has demonstrated that the Dual-Factor Model has superior explanatory power compared to traditional models (Iasiello et al., 2020).”
From satisfaction to sustainability: A conceptual introduction to sustainable consumer well-being
Machin, J. E., Jefferies, J. G., Crosby, E., Adkins, N. R., Mirabito, A. M., Holt, E., Rūtelionė, A., & Alcoforado, D. G. (2025) · AMS Review · doi:10.1007/s13162-025-00317-w · Cited by 4
“Terminology varies between, and even within, disciplines, giving rise to hazy, blurred, and overly broad (or narrow) definitions, not to mention myriad measurement tools (Cox & Brewster, 2022; Iasiello et al., 2020; Sirgy, 2021).”
The mental health of musicians: A scoping review
Kegelaers, J. J., & Gibney, A. (2025) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356251384977 · Cited by 2
Psihičko zdravlje geekova
Odsjek za psihologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Z., & Mikac, U. (2023) · Socijalna psihijatrija · doi:10.24869/spsih.2022.271 · Cited by 2
Strengthening Mental Health and Resilience Through Schools: Protocol for a Participatory Design Project
Kegelaers, J. J., Baetens, I., Soyez, V., Heel, M. V., Hove, L. V., & Wylleman, P. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/49670 · Cited by 7
“" This definition supports a 2-factor model of mental health [12], which distinguishes positive subjective well-being and psychopathology as 2 related but essentially distinct dimensions of mental health [11-14].”
Background
Editorial: Contemporary perspectives in adolescent mental health
Cosma, A. P., Martin, G., Walsh, S. D., Chzhen, Y., & Currie, C. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1376940 · Cited by 2
Predicting Positive Psychological States using Machine Learning and Digital Biomarkers from Everyday Wearable DataPreprint
Wu, L., John, A., & Simoes, J. P. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.26.25326492 · Cited by 2
“These dimensions, central to positive psychology and well-being research, intersect with clinical perspectives through frameworks such as the dual-continuum model [9], which conceptualizes mental health and mental illness as related yet distinct phenomena.”
Upotreba upitnika YP-CORE u procjeni mentalnog zdravlja djece s intelektualnim teskocama
Centar za odgoj i obrazovanje Rijeka, R., Tomljanovic, N., Jokić‐Begić, N., & Sveučilište u Zagrebu, F. F. (2022) · Socijalna psihijatrija · doi:10.24869/spsih.2021.113 · Cited by 1
“The bipolar model of the relationship between mental health and mental disorders has long prevailed in clinical psychology (7).”
Educators' perceptions of a system‐informed positive education program: A study of most significant change
Burrowes, S., Gerace, A., Benveniste, T., Burke, K. J., Kelly, D., & Raymond, I. J. (2024) · Future in Educational Research · doi:10.1002/fer3.63 · Cited by 1
Transitioning to fatherhood: Prospective effects of wellbeing on future depression symptoms
O'Connor, E. J., Zajac, I. T., Brindal, E., & Kakoschke, N. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.102 · Cited by 1
Political orientation and mental health during a socio-political crisis in Israel: the intermediary role of the hostile-world scenario
Avidor, S., & Shmotkin, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2025.1431395 · Cited by 1
Measurement Invariance and Mental Health Disparities in Distress and Well-Being Scales Between LGBTQ+ and General Population Samples in German-Speaking Countries
Schürmann‐Vengels, J., Troche, S. J., Pirke, J., Budge, S. L., Flückiger, C., & Willutzki, U. (2025) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2025.2550300 · Cited by 1
“Recent conceptualizations indicated that mental health is more precisely described by both distress and well-being as correlated but still dissociable factors (Iasiello et al., 2020; Magalhães, 2024).”
Advancing the understanding of mental health in autistic youth: Implications from developmental psychopathology and neurodiversity perspectives
Krishnan, S. G., & Orsmond, G. I. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202717 · Cited by 1
Okul Psikolojik Danışmanlarının Pozitif Psikoloji Müdahalelerine İlişkin Görüşleri: Nitel Bir Çalışma
Atıcı, İ., Kocataş, D. A., Şahan, İ. B., Özdemir, R., & Baş, A. U. (2025) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1763342 · Cited by 1
The weight of the yoke: a qualitative analysis of the stressors for clergy across a mental health continuum
Tice, L. C., Salgado, G. N., Johnston, E. F., Nascimento, B., Bo-Hyeong, J. L., Proeschold‐Bell, R. J., & Eagle, D. E. (2025) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2025.2536533 · Cited by 1
“While many studies emphasise only mental distress or only positive mental health, a more nuanced understanding is provided by the dual-continua model of mental health (Iasiello et al., 2020).”
Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (SWEMWBS) among adolescents and youth
Sarasjärvi, K. K., Elovainio, M. J., Appelqvist‐Schmidlechner, K., Solin, P., Tamminen, N., & Therman, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03571-6 · Cited by 1
Digitalization of Intervention Delivery and Its Impact on the Effects of Interventions for Mental Well-Being in Higher Education Students: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol
Walsund, K., Masterson, D., & Knez, R. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/88458 · Cited by 1
“Mental health is an umbrella term capturing both mental ill-health and mental well-being as 2 related, but also separate, dimensions [8,9].”
The contribution of emotion regulation in determining individuals’ profiles of positive mental health
Ruini, C., Vescovelli, F., Angelis, G. D., Marco, E. D., Castaldo, S., Cesarano, V. P., Marco, E. L. D., Polizzotto, G., Pingani, L., Limone, P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101053 · Cited by 1
Doing the right thing and doing things right: secondary school students’ perspectives on a school-based intervention to promote mental well-being
Uvhagen, L., Söderqvist, F., & Gustafsson, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1778047 · Cited by 1
The Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Social Media and Mental Health Among a Large Sample of Adolescents, Inclusive of Transgender/Gender‐Diverse Adolescents
Curle, M., Hunter, S., Leatherdale, S. T., Patte, K. A., Faulkner, G., Goldfield, G. S., Ferro, M. A., Turcotte‐Tremblay, A., & Carson, V. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70151 · Cited by 3
Development of the construction employee’s workplace mental health questionnaire: the two continua model approach
Le, D. T., & Nguyen, M. T. H. (2026) · Journal of Engineering Design and Technology · doi:10.1108/jedt-01-2026-0037 · Cited by 1
Not All Screen Use is Equal: Shifting the Focus from Screen Time to Problematic Use in Child and Adolescent Well-Being Research
Tølbøll, K. B. (2026) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-026-00577-3 · Cited by 1
“This could potentially be due to the fact that many studies use positive and social well-being and psychopathology as two ends on the same scale (Iasiello et al., 2020; Valkenburg et al., 2022).”
Ternary interactive determinism: A narrative review on the problems and innovation paths of college students’ mental health education
Chen, C., Kuay, H. S., Kueh, Y. C., & Liu, C. (2024) · Environment and Social Psychology · doi:10.54517/esp.v9i3.2224 · Cited by 1
“Involving skilled teachers to prioritize the feedback of students can prevent mental issues from reaching chronic stages [32] .”
Background
Measurement of adolescent psychological wellbeing: A test of factor structure and measurement invariance
Thakur, H., Choi, J. W., Andrews, A. R., Temple, J. R., & Cohen, J. R. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12939 · Cited by 1
Causal Effects of High Stress Assessed Via Interviews on Mental and Physical Health
Kiuchi, K., Kang, X., Nishimura, R., Sasayama, M., & Matsumoto, K. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003117 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Mental Imagery Instructions on Patients' and Therapists' Positive Affect and Strength‐Based Behaviours Within Psychotherapy Sessions: A Randomized Controlled Process Study
Schürmann‐Vengels, J., Flückiger, C., Reyer, E., Odyniec, P., & Willutzki, U. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3036 · Cited by 1
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The Longitudinal Relationship of Depressive Symptoms and Mental Well-Being : The Role of General Self-Efficacy as a Buffer?An Experience Sampling Study Among University Students
Kohlhoff, M. (2021)
Psihologija subjektivnega blagostanja: znanstvena spoznanja o sreči
Avsec, A., Kavčič, T., & Kocjan, G. Z. (2022) · Založba Univerze v Ljubljani (University of Ljubljana Press) eBooks · doi:10.4312/9789617128475 · Cited by 3
Étude de l’association entre sommeil et composantes de la santé mentale des enfants : résultats de l’Enquête canadienne sur la santé des enfants et des jeunes
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Psychological impacts of COVID-19 on parenting and child behavior in Brazilian families: mediation effects of parental positive mental health
de Souza, C. D., Coltro, B. P., Paraventi, L., Lunkes, S., Garcia, M. E., & Vieira, M. L. (2022) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v16i2.2363
“A literature review study on mental health highlighted the importance of understanding it through two correlated factors that can coexist: mental illness and positive mental health, the latter being related to emotional, psychological and social well-being (Iasiello et al., 2020).”
Advanced Practice Mental Health Nursing and Mental Health Promotion
Doyle, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05536-2_8

Authors: Iasiello, M., van Agteren, J., & Muir Cochrane, E.
Affiliations: South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (AU)
ORCID: Iasiello, Matthew
van Agteren, Joep
Muir Cochrane, Eimear
Venue: Evidence Base
Publisher: The Australia and New Zealand School of Government (ANZSOG)
Published: 2020
Volume: 2020
ISSN: 1838-9422 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.21307/eb-2020-001
OpenAlex: W3015075171
Cited by: 270
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 5
FWCI: 27.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Locations: Evidence Base (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: positive mental health, mental illness, mental health continuum, mental health assessment, mental health reform

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Mental Health and/or Mental Illness: A Scoping Review of the Evidence and Implications of the Dual-Continua Model of Mental Health

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