Fate of effluent-borne contaminants beneath septic tank drainfields overlying a karst aquifer

Katz, Brian G.; Griffin, Dale W.; McMahon, Peter B.; Harden, Harmon S.; Wade, Edgar; Hicks, Richard W.; Chanton, Jeffrey P.

doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0244

Cited by 115Karst Systems and HydrogeologyPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsGroundwater and Isotope Geochemistry

Fate of effluent-borne contaminants beneath septic tank drainfields overlying a karst aquifer

Katz, Brian G., Griffin, Dale W., McMahon, Peter B., Harden, Harmon S., Wade, Edgar, Hicks, Richard W., Chanton, Jeffrey P.·2010·Journal of Environmental Quality

DOI 10.2134/jeq2009.0244

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Abstract

Groundwater quality effects from septic tanks were investigated in the Woodville Karst Plain, an area that contains numerous sinkholes and a thin veneer of sands and clays overlying the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA). Concerns have emerged about elevated nitrate concentrations in the UFA, which is the source of water supply in this area of northern Florida. At three sites during dry and wet periods in 2007-2008, water samples were collected from the septic tank, shallow and deep lysimeters, and drainfield and background wells in the UFA and analyzed for multiple chemical indicators including nutrients, nitrate isotopes, organic wastewater compounds (OWCs), pharmaceutical compounds, and microbiological indicators (bacteria and viruses). Median NO3-N concentration in groundwater beneath the septic tank drainfields was 20 mg L(-1) (8.0-26 mg L(-1)). After adjusting for dilution, about 25 to 40% N loss (from denitrification, ammonium sorption, and ammonia volatilization) occurs as septic tank effluent moves through the unsaturated zone to the water table. Nitrogen loading rates to groundwater were highly variable at each site (3.9-12 kg N yr(-1)), as were N and chloride depth profiles in the unsaturated zone. Most OWCs and pharmaceutical compounds were highly attenuated beneath the drainfields; however, five Cs (caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, phenol, galaxolide, and tris(dichloroisotopropyl)phosphate) and two pharmaceutical compounds (acetaminophen and sulfamethoxazole) were detected in groundwater samples. Indicator bacteria and human enteric viruses were detected in septic tank effluent samples but only intermittently in soil water and groundwater. Contaminant movement to groundwater beneath each septic tank system also was related to water use and differences in lithology at each site.

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Several organic wastewater compounds detected in the Nebraska wells but not in the Cape Cod wells (acetaminophen, caffeine, paraxanthine) are well-removed in septic system leach fields and typically only persist in anoxic groundwater.
“Several OWCs detected in the Nebraska wells but not in the Cape Cod wells (acetaminophen, caffeine, paraxanthine) are well-removed in septic system leach fields (Wilcox et al., 2009;Katz et al., 2010) and typically only persist in anoxic groundwater (Swartz et al., 2006).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Katz et al., 2010
The median concentration of total N (NO3-+NH4+) in landfill leachate was 82 mg/L, which is only around twice typical TN concentrations in septic tank effluent.
“The median [B] in a study of landfill leachate was 4700 μg/L (Clark and Piskin, 1977), which is ~20 times higher than septic tank effluent (Swartz et al., 2006), whereas the median concentration of total N (NO 3 -+ NH 4 + ) was 82 mg/L (Clark and Piskin, 1977), which is only around twice typical TN concentrations in septic tank effluent (Katz et al., 2010).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Katz et al., 2010

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Authors: Katz, B. G., Griffin, D. W., McMahon, P. B., Harden, H. S., Wade, E., Hicks, R. W., & Chanton, J. P.
Affiliations: United States Geological Survey (US)
Florida State University (US)
Florida Department of Environmental Protection (US)
Corresponding author: Katz, Brian G.
ORCID: Katz, Brian G.
Griffin, Dale W.
McMahon, Peter B.
Chanton, Jeffrey P.
Venue: Journal of Environmental Quality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-07
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: 1181-1195
ISSN: 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
1537-2537
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0244
OpenAlex: W1987356532
Cited by: 115
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 6.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Geological Survey
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Karst Systems and Hydrogeology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
Keywords: septic systems, drainfield, karst aquifers, Upper Floridan aquifer, nitrate contamination, nitrogen loss, denitrification, pharmaceutical compounds, caffeine, galaxolide, indicator bacteria, enteric viruses, vadose zone, groundwater quality, nitrogen loading, wastewater effluent
MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Nitrates, Nitrogen, Sanitary Engineering, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical

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Fate of effluent-borne contaminants beneath septic tank drainfields overlying a karst aquifer

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